Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy

Biodiesel is an alternate renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic fuel similar to conventional fossil fuel. It is usually produced from vegetable oil, animal fat, tallow, non-edible plant oil and waste cooking oil. Biodiesel emits fewer air pollutants, greenhouse gases other than oxides of nitrogen and easier to treat when compared with fossil fuels. However, with all these environmental benefits, biodiesel could not be extensively used as a complete alternative fuel to conventional diesel. Accordingly in this study apart from the scope and need of biodiesel, an attempt has been made to address the number of parameters that influence the production process of biodiesel. Lipid/fat content, type and catalyst concentration, oil to alcohol ratio and other purification process has been discussed to reduce the unit operation involved in biodiesel production.

A novel, distance-cum-adjacency topological descriptor, termed as eccentric connectivity index, has been conceptualized, and its discriminating power has been investigated with regard to physical/biological properties of molecules. Correlation coefficients ranging from 95% to 99% were obtained using eccentric connectivity index in various datasets with regard to physical properties of diverse nature. These correlations were far superior to those correspondingly derived from the Wiener index. For structure−activity studies, a dataset, comprised of 94 substituted piperidinyl methyl ester and methylene methyl ester analogs as analgesic agents, was selected. Values of the eccentric connectivity index, the Wiener index, and Randić's molecular connectivity index were calculated, and active ranges were identified. Good correlations between topological descriptors and analgesic activity of these analogs were obtained. Eccentric connectivity index exhibited highest predictibility of the order of 86%. High discriminating power as revealed by excellent correlations obtained from structure−property and structure−activity studies offers an eccentric connectivity index of vast potential in QSPR/QSAR.

This paper presents a unique step-by-step procedure for the simulation of photovoltaic modules with Matlab/ Simulink. One-diode equivalent circuit is employed in order to investigate I-V and P-V characteristics of a typical 36 W solar module. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icons and a dialog box like Simulink block libraries.

Skin is considered as an important route of administration of drugs for both local and systemic effects. The effectiveness of topical therapy depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug and adherence of the patient to the treatment regimen as well as the system's ability to adhere to skin during the therapy so as to promote drug penetration through the skin barrier. Conventional formulations for topical and dermatological administration of drugs have certain limitations like poor adherence to skin, poor permeability and compromised patient compliance. For the treatment of diseases of body tissues and wounds, the drug has to be maintained at the site of treatment for an effective period of time. Topical film forming systems are such developing drug delivery systems meant for topical application to the skin, which adhere to the body, forming a thin transparent film and provide delivery of the active ingredients to the body tissue. These are intended for skin application as emollient or protective and for local action or transdermal penetration of medicament for systemic action. The transparency is an appreciable feature of this polymeric system which greatly influences the patient acceptance. In the current discussion, the film forming systems are described as a promising choice for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Further the various types of film forming systems (sprays/solutions, gels and emulsions) along with their evaluation parameters have also been reviewed.

Landslide hazard assessment is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. There are several methods of Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) viz. heuristic, semi quantitative, quantitative, probabilistic and multi-criteria decision making process. However, no one method is accepted universally for effective assessment of landslide hazards. In recent years, several attempts have been made to apply different methods of LHZ and to compare results in order to find the best suited model. This paper presents the review of researches on landslide hazard mapping published in recent years. The advanced multivariate techniques are proved to be effective in spatial prediction of landslides with high degree of accuracy. Physical process based models also perform well in LHZ mapping even in the areas with poor database. Multi-criteria decision making approach also play significant role in determining relative importance of landslide causative factors in slope instability process. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are powerful tools to assess landslide hazards and are being used extensively in landslide researches since last decade. Aerial photographs and high resolution satellite data are useful in detection, mapping and monitoring landslide processes. GIS based LHZ models helps not only to map and monitor landslides but also to predict future slope failures. The advancements in Geo-spatial technologies have opened the doors for detailed and accurate assessment of landslide hazards.

A series of 8-substituted quinolines were synthesized and tested against seizures induced by maximal electro shock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (scMet) and antihypertensive activities. Neurologic deficit was evaluated by the rotarod test. Among the newly synthesized derivatives, several compounds with a 2-hydroxypropyloxyquinoline moiety displayed excellent anticonvulsant and antihypertensive activities. Compound 20 (8-(3'-(4''-phenylpiperazino)-2'-hydroxypropyloxy)quinoline) was potent in both series as an anticonvulsive agent. 13 (8-(3'-piperazino)-2'-hydroxypropyloxyquinoline) and 14 (8-(3'-imidazolo)-2'-hydroxypropyloxyquinoline) showed very good anticonvulsant activities in the propanol series of compound, whereas in the ethane series, 1 (8-(2'-piperazino-ethanoxy)quinoline) and 2 (8-(2'-imidazolo-ethanoxy)quinoline) were the most active as anticonvulsive agents. Compounds 20 (8-(3'-(4''-phenylpiperazino)-2'-hydroxypropyloxy)quinoline), 13 (8-(3'-piperazino)-2'-hydroxypropyloxyquinoline) and 19 (8-(3'-(4''-ethylpiperazino)-2'-hydroxypropyloxy)quinoline) have shown excellent antihypertensive activity. They have significantly antagonized the pressor response elicited by adrenaline. These pharmacological results suggest that their anticonvulsant and antihypertensive effects may be correlated to the presence of beta-blocking properties, and that those properties depend on the presence of aryloxypropanolamine.

Pure ZnO and alkaline metal ion (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+)-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles retained the wurtzite hexagonal structure, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. The micro-strain properties were analyzed through Williamson–Hall analysis. The oxidation states of the elements (C (1s), O (1s), Zn (2p), Mg (1s), Ca (2p), Sr (3d) and Ba (3d)) were confirmed by XPS studies. HRSEM studies showed a reduction in the thickness of the ZnO nanoflakes from 63 to 47 nm after doping. EDAX studies determined the amount of dopant (alkaline metals) incorporated into the doped samples. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the Zn–O stretching bands at 432, 416, 414, 426 and 422 cm−1 for the respective ZnO NPs. The photoluminescence measurements revealed that the broad emission was composed of six different bands due to zinc and oxygen vacancies. Thermal analysis revealed that the irreversible structural transition occurred from the cubic phase to the wurtzite phase in the samples. The antibacterial studies performed against a set of bacterial strains showed that the Mg-doped ZnO NPs possessed a greater antibacterial effect than the other alkaline metal ion-doped ZnO NPs.

Data mining is a process of inferring knowledge from such huge data. Data Mining has three major components Clustering or Classification, Association Rules and Sequence Analysis. By simple definition, in classification/clustering analyze a set of data and generate a set of grouping rules which can be used to classify future data. Data mining is the process is to extract information from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure. It is the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems. The actual data mining task is the automatic or semi-automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown interesting patterns. Data mining involves six common classes of tasks. Anomaly detection, Association rule learning, Clustering, Classification, Regression, Summarization. Classification is a major technique in data mining and widely used in various fields. Classification is a data mining (machine learning) technique used to predict group membership for data instances. In this paper, we present the basic classification techniques. Several major kinds of classification method including decision tree induction, Bayesian networks, k-nearest neighbor classifier, the goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of different classification techniques in data mining.

Alginate is an unbranched binary copolymer constituted of (1,4) linked α-l-guluronic acid and β-d-mannuronic acid. It is a high-molecular mass polysaccharide extracted from kelp. Edward Stanford di...

Schiff bases and phenyl hydrazone of isatins were prepared by reacting isatin and the appropriate aromatic primary amine/hydrazines. A new series of the corresponding N-mannich bases were synthesized by reacting them with formaldehyde and diphenylamine. The chemical structures were confirmed by means of their 1H-NMR, IR spectral data and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity. 1-Diphenylaminomethyl-3-(1-naphthylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (4), 3-(1-naphthylimino)-5-bromo-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (2) and 1-diphenylaminomethyl-3-(4-methylphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (7) were found to exhibit the highest analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity respectively. 1-Diphenylaminomethyl-3-(4-methylphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (7) was found to be the most active compound of the series.

Horizontally transmitted endophytes are an ecological group of fungi that infect living plant tissues and survive in them without causing any disease symptoms. Even as facets of the endophyte-plant symbiotic relationship are being uncovered, there is an increasing appreciation of the different growth substrates exploited by endophytes and the vast repertoire of secreted enzymes of these fungi. These attributes exemplify the striking biodiversity of fungal endophytes and should motivate bioprospecting these organisms to identify novel biocatalysts that might help address challenges in medicine, food security, energy production and environmental quality.

The in vitro antibacterial activities of seaweeds belong to Chlorophyceae (Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva lactuca), Rhodophyceae (Gracillaria folifera andHypneme muciformis) and Phaeophyceae (Sargassum myricocystum,Sargassum tenneerimum and Padina tetrastomatica) were studied against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Methanolic extracts of all seaweed extracts tested in the present study exhibited broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Chlorophyceae members showed high antibacterial activity than other members of the algae tested in the present investigation. Escherchia coli alone resistant to all the seaweed extracts except S. teneerimum. Results of the present study confirmed the potential use of seaweed extracts as a source of antibacterial compounds. Key words: Seaweeds, antibacterial activity, methanolic extracts, pathogenic bacteria.

Eucalyptus globules belonging to the Myrtaceae family was explored for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and for biological applications. The aqueous extract of the synthesized zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The aqueous broth was observed to be an efficient reducing agent, leading to the rapid formation of ZnNPs of varied shapes with sizes ranging between 52–70 nm. In addition, antifungal activity of the biosynthesized ZnNPs was evaluated against major phytopathogens of apple orchards. At 100 ppm of ZnNPs, the fungal growth inhibition rate was found to be 76.7% for Alternaria mali, followed by 65.4 and 55.2% inhibition rate for Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata, respectively. The microscopic observations of the treated fungal plates revealed that ZnNPs damages the topography of the fungal hyphal layers leading to a reduced contraction of hyphae. This considerable fungicidal property of ZnNPs against phytopathogenic fungi can have a tremendous impact on exploitation of ZnNPs for fungal pest management and ensure protection in fruit crops.

Background: Masticatory forces cause fatigue to the dental luting agents, adversely affecting the retention of these cement-retained crowns. Sandblasting (SB) and diamond abrading the abutment surface improves the bond strength of luting agents. However, the effect of acid etching (AE) on the implant abutment surface and the effect of other surface modifications under masticatory load are yet to be documented. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of abutment surface modifications on the retention of cement-retained restorations subjected to cyclic fatigue loads. Materials and Methods: Forty Ni-Cr copings were made on Cp-titanium laboratory analogs. The specimens were divided into two groups as Group I: Uniaxial tensile loading (UTL) and Group II: Offaxial cyclic loading followed by uniaxial tensile loading [CTL]. Further subgrouped as, subgroup I: Control (C), subgroup II: SB, subgroup III: AE, and subgroup IV: SB + AE. The copings were luted with Zn 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and subjected to uniaxial tensile loading. Copings were recemented, and CTL was conducted. Two-way analysis of variance was used as the statistical test of significance. Results: In relation to the subgroups, the bond strength of Zn 2 (PO 4 ) 3 was higher in Group I than in Group II. The bond strength in subgroup IV was superior in both Group I and Group II (547.170 N ± 5.752 and 531.975 N ± 6.221 respectively). Conclusions: For both UTL and CTL, abutment SB + AE elicited maximum coping retention followed by AE. Off-axial cyclic loading adversely affected the retention irrespective of the surface modifications.

Emulsion-based meat products play an important role in modern meat industry. Though meat batters have been prepared traditionally since long back in the history, the scientific principles and the knowhow are significantly important in the case of commercial products. In India, the market for emulsion meat products is gaining importance in the recent years and the native producers are in critical need for the scientific basis of production of emulsion meat products with better yield, good sensory qualities and nutrition. Hence, this review will throw light on some of the important factors which influence the properties of meat emulsion such as stability, structure, etc. and the product texture and yield as the revealed by past researches which will be useful to the meat processors in their practical application in preparing meat emulsion products.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting and expanding research area due to the potential applications for the ecofriendly development of novel technologies.Generally, nanoparticles are prepared by a variety of chemical and physical methods which are yield environmentally benign wastages largely.Present study reported a simple, convenient and low cost method for the synthesis of manganese nanoparticles by reducing manganese acetate with the help of easily available natural products viz., lemon extract as reducing agent and turmeric curcumin as a stabilizing agent.The curcumin was isolated from turmeric by using solvent extraction method and used for manganese nanoparticle stabilization.The characterization of curcumin and manganese nanoparticles was done by using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques.The morphology of manganese nanoparticles was confirmed by SEM and TEM techniques.The size of MnNPs was in the ranges about 50nm.The antimicrobial activities of synthesized Mn nanoparticles were observed higher antimicrobial activity than the standard drug against S. aureus, C. lunata and T. simii and also exhibited similar inhibition activity to standard drug against E. coli, C. albicans, and A. niger.

In the near future, deep learning algorithms will be incorporated in several applications for assisting the human beings. The deep learning algorithms have the tendency to allow a computer to work on its assumption. Most of the deep learning algorithms mimic the human brain's neuron connection to leverage an artificial intelligence to the computer system. This helps to improve the operational speed and accuracy on several critical tasks. This paper projects the blocks, which are required for the incorporation of deep learning based algorithm. Also, the paper attempts to deeply analyze the necessity of the preprocessing step over several deep learning based applications.

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) represents one of the largest as well as most diverse transcription factor (TFs) families. They are known to play role in both stress as well as in various plant developmental processes. In the present study, a total of 191 bZIP transcription factors have been identified from Triticum aestivum. Expression analysis during various stress conditions, developmental stages, different varieties and gene ontology enrichment analysis suggest their possible roles in abiotic stress as well as in developmental responses. In the current analysis, one of the members named as TabZIP (Traes_7AL_25850F96F.1) was selected for detailed analysis to understand its role under different abiotic stress conditions. Gene expression studies revealed differential expression of TabZIP in various abiotic stress conditions like heat, salinity and dehydration suggesting the possible role of bZIP in various stress mitigation mechanism. Arabidopsis transgenics overexpressing TabZIP showed enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought, heat and oxidative stress. Thus TabZIP (Traes_7AL_25850F96F.1) can serve as a candidate gene for improving heat as well as other abiotic stress tolerance and can be helpful in enhancing the crop productivity under stress conditions.

The development of the modern power system has led to an increasing complexity in the study of power systems, and also presents new challenges to power system stability, and in particular, to the aspects of transient stability and small-signal stability.Transient stability control plays a significant role in ensuring the stable operation of power systems in the event of large disturbances and faults, and is thus a significant area of research.This paper investigates the improvement of transient stability of a two-area power system, using UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller) which is an effective FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) device capable of controlling the active and reactive power flows in a transmission line by controlling appropriately its series and shunt parameters.Simulations are carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment for the two-area power system model with UPFC to analyze the effects of UPFC on transient stability performance of the system.The performance of UPFC is compared with other FACTS devices such as Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), and Static Var Compensator (SVC) respectively.The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed UPFC on transient stability improvement of the system.

Dy3+ substituted Ni-Cu-Zn (Ni0.4Cu0.4Zn0.2DyxFe2−xO4) ferrite nanoparticles were obtained at 600 °C by synthesizing sol-gel auto-combustion method, and they exhibit a particle size of 12–21 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the presence of secondary phase of DyFeO3 and Fe2O3 for the Dy3+ substituted samples. Ni-Cu-Zn ferries doped with Dy3+ possess better grain structure and growth than that of pure Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite. The saturation magnetization increases remarkably up to 81 emu/g with increasing the Dy3+ ions. The increased saturation magnetization related to increased exchange interactions between Fe-Fe ions and also with increased particle size. Blocking temperature was found to decrease with increasing Dy3+ substitution. An enhancement in initial permeability and Curie temperature was observed with Dy3+ substitution.