Termez State University

The method of teaching Russian language begins to teach language to students in primary school. The first method of teaching Russian language is practicing technique. Psychological and pedagogical laws of the learning process are like the needs of the society. At the beginning of these needs are communication tools. The communication tools define the ways of teaching Russian to students according to their language characteristics. The method of teaching Russian language consists of the literary parts of the language skills of students, the concepts of grammar, the change of language system over time (assimilation) and other parts of language science. Methodology; pedagogy, psychology and philosophy at the intersection of disciplines. These disciplines have a common interest.

The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) plant with salt tolerance, antifungal activity, and plant growth-promoting traits. A total of 15 endophytic bacteria were isolated from ginger by standard microbiological culture methods. Nine endophytic bacterial isolates (GS1, GS2, GS3, GS4, GS6, GS7, GS8, GS9, and GS11) showed salt tolerance up to 10% NaCl concentration. Six isolates showed salt tolerance up to 7-8% NaCl concentrations. Studies on plant growth-promoting activity suggested that four endophytic bacterial isolates (GS2, GS5, GS8, and GS10) were positive for IAA production, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization activity. All the endophytic bacterial isolates were screened for the production of enzymes. The result of the study revealed that maximum isolates have positive protease activity and this was followed by lipase and cellulase activities. While studying the antifungal activity of the bacterial isolates, it was determined that eight isolates showed antifungal activities against fungal strains F. globosum 905 and F. graminearium 611. Four endophytic bacterial isolates (GS4, GS6, GS8, and GS9) had antifungal activity against several fungal strains. The results indicated that endophytic bacteria were isolated from ginger with salt-tolerant and plant growth-promoting activities that were reported, that could be used as inoculants to establish a sustainable ginger production system.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important medicinal crop grown for its aromatic rhizome which is used as a spice, food, flavouring agent and medicine. It has been characterised for its hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antioxidant and antibiotic properties. This study was conducted to determine the impact of plant growth-promoting potential of bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis L2 on plant growth and physiological properties of ginger. The experiment was carried out in randomised block design with three replications in pot experiments. The plants were grown in greenhouse conditions for three months. The results showed that at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP) bacterial inoculation increased plant height, leaf length, number of leaves per plant and leaf width. Inoculation with B. subtilis L2 significantly increased plant height by 16, 20 and 18% compared to control at 4, 8 and 12 WAP. At 8 and 12 WAP, leaf length significantly raised by B. subtilis L2 as compared to uninoculated control. B. subtilis L2 significantly increased the number of leaves per plant and leaf width by 30 and 21% respectively when comparing with non-inoculated plants at 8 WAP. The percentage increase in chlorophyll content resulted from the inoculation with B. subtilis L2 over the control was 10.5%, 15.5% and 18.4% at 4, 8 and 12 WAP respectively. It is concluded that there is a significant positive effect of inoculation with B. subtilis L2 on the growth of ginger. B. subtilis L2 strain can be used as a potential agent or bio-fertiliser for stimulation of ginger growth.

The uncemented glenoid implants in total anatomical shoulder arthroplasty are likely to be accused of problems like dissociations, secondary rotator cuff tear, and wear of polyethylene (PE). This work is a clinical and radiological prospective review of 143 cases of anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty using a new metal back uncemented glenoid implant (MB) in order to see if this new implant induces those complications. A total of 143 cases were operated between 2003 and 2011. In a first part, the whole series of 143 cases was radiologically studied in order to quantify the lateralisation induced by the MB implant. In a second study, 37 cases had a mean follow-up of 38 months (24-75, mean 32) and served for the clinical and radiological final study. Pre- and postoperative clinical evaluation was done using the Constant-Murley score and the simple shoulder test from Matsen. The final X-rays served to detect an eventual secondary narrowing of the joint space and to analyse the frequency of radio lucent lines (RLL) and loosenings. Despite a small radiological lateralisation in comparison with the normal contralateral side (0.36 cm, p = 0.02), the clinical results after 2 years were similar to the published cemented glenoid implants series but without any RLL, glenoid loosening or joint narrowing. Some dissociations occured in the beginning and definitely eliminated by a design modification of the PE tray. The discussion tried to show that, despite a still short follow-up, this series is encouraging to continue to use this new MB implant. Different applications of the concept of universality and conversion are discussed, this tray been also the support of a glenosphere in reverse arthroplasty.

Abstract Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species 1 . Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe 1,2 . To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum , P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia bce , respectively; for P. vivax , this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia 3 . Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax , whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.

Biochar application is widely used to improve plant growth by increasing soil fertility. This study aimed to assess the effect of biochar on lettuce growth, root morphological traits and physiological properties under greenhouse conditions. The study was performed in a greenhouse, using biochar additions of 1%, 2% and 3% in a pot experiment. The plant parameters assessed under greenhouse conditions were the germination rate, leaf length, leaf number, leaf width as well as fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight, dry shoot weight, and root morphological traits. Furthermore, chlorophyll content and relative water content were evaluated. Both biochar 2% and biochar 3% treatment ssignificantly improved lettuce growth (leaf length, leaf number, leaf width) compared with the control, while no significant differences were observed in the biochar 1% treatment. However, biochar 3% treatment significantly enhanced the root morphological traits such as total root length, the root surface area, the projected area and the root volume compared to the control. The total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content improved with increasing levels of biochar 3% treatment, which significantly increased by 43% and 51% compared with the control. The highest acid phosphomonoestrase activities were seen with the application of biochar 3%, which was 19% and 31% higher than that of the biochar 1% and control treatments, respectively. Moreover, a significant increase in soil enzyme activities (fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, acid and alkaline phosphomonoestrase) was observed with the biochar 2% and biochar 3% treatments compared to the control. This study indicated that biochar could promote lettuce growth and enhance soil enzyme activities.

The composition of the essential oils obtained from different parts of both wild and cultivated forms of Salvia sclarea L. were investigated by both GC and GC/MS. The principal components of the oils were linalool (22–32%) and linalyl acetate (25–51%). It was found that the oil composition was not influenced by the part of the plant from which oil was obtained, except for the leaves. Oil composition was not influenced by plant parts (except for the leaves), state of plant maturity, location of cultivation site, whether the plant was wild or cultivated, year of harvest, color of bracts or cultivation conditions.

The article notes that the research on religious tourism in Uzbekistan, the introduction of religious tourism as a new tourism industry, the fact that religious tourism in our country has its own specifics

In the article, the results of the research carried out in order to study the effect of planting time and feeding area on the biochemical composition of leek ( Allium porrum L. ) are presented with an in-depth scientific analysis. Planting was done by hand in 4x1 cm rows in 7x40x60 cm boxes in the greenhouse on February 20, March 10, and April 1. Seedlings appeared after 10-12 days, on May 1 they were transplanted to open ground. This ensured that the seedlings were 70, 50, and 30 days old. Planting in open ground was carried out in a scheme of 50x10 cm. Harvesting took place on September 1-5. At the end of the research, the data analysis shows that by evaluating the nature of growth of false stem diameter in leek onion plants at different planting periods during the growing season, it can be noted that the feeding area for seedlings is larger and the seedlings when planted early, standard products had earlier maturity and higher product quality.

This paper examines the effects of Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Energy Consumption, and Renewable Energy on CO 2 Emissions in BRICS nations. This study employs the panel ARDL model to investigate the short- and long-term effects of an association between variables. The PMG estimator has shown itself to be more trustworthy and performs at a higher level of efficiency, leading us to the conclusion that it is the preferable technique. Because the error correction parameter, also known as the adjustment coefficient, is negatively significant, the findings demonstrate that there is a long-term relationship. According to the paper’s findings, there are both short-term and long-term effects of free trade and energy consumption on CO 2 emissions. In the short run, FDI has positive impact on CO 2 emissions, whilst renewable energy has detrimental effect. Surprisingly, the BRICS countries have not shown a correlation between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions. These findings may encourage policymakers in these countries in better recognizing the complexities of this occurrence, which in turn can assist direct future choices about this growing international security danger. Keywords: BRICS, Energy, Trade, CO 2 , Panel ARDL.

Abstract This paper challenges the consensus view on the deterioration of European labor market outcomes relative to the United States. When looking at employment to population ratios rather than unemployment rates, I find that the deterioration begins in the mid-1950s and continues through the mid 1990s. I also present evidence to suggest that the key to understanding this deterioration is to understand why Europe has not developed a market service sector similar to the United States.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition resulting from a dysregulated immune response to infection, often leading to organ failure and death. Early detection is vital, as delays significantly worsen outcomes. In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), has shown great promise in enhancing early sepsis detection by identifying digital biomarkers from large-scale clinical datasets. This systematic review analyzes and synthesizes existing ML/DL approaches applied to sepsis prediction, with an emphasis on intensive care unit (ICU) settings. A total of 80 studies were included, covering diverse data sources (e.g., MIMIC-III, eICU), feature selection methods, algorithm types, preprocessing techniques, and evaluation metrics. The models ranged from traditional techniques like logistic regression and decision trees to advanced architectures such as LSTM, transformers, and ensemble methods. A key contribution of this review is the inclusion of a forest plot summarizing reported AUC and sensitivity values from selected studies, offering a comparative visual of diagnostic performance. This helps highlight the relative effectiveness of different models and provides insights into their generalizability across clinical datasets. The review also discusses challenges related to model interpretability, ethical considerations, and the lack of external and temporal validation in many studies. It further identifies trends such as the use of real-time EHR data, patient-specific model development, and explainability tools like SHAP for clinician trust. By mapping out methodological strengths and limitations in current research, this work provides actionable recommendations for future studies and clinical deployment. The review contributes to the development of more robust, interpretable, and clinically relevant ML/DL models for early sepsis detection and improved patient care outcomes.

The number of minorities increased in the lower houses of the state legislatures of California, Michigan, Georgia, and Pennsylvania during the 1990s. California and Michigan have legislative term limits; Georgia and Pennsylvania do not. Compared with California, where the number of minorities elected grew dramatically, Michigan had a much smaller increase. The increase in minority representatives in Georgia was similar to that of Michigan, but the increase in Pennsylvania was only marginal. The disparate election outcomes between term-limited California and Michigan, in conjunction with similar results in Michigan and non-term-limited Georgia, suggest that term limits help minority candidates only under certain circumstances.

in the article, the results of the research carried out in order to study the influence of planting time and feeding area on the change in the number and area of leek leaves are presented with a deep scientific analysis. Planting was done by hand in 4x1 cm rows in 7x40x60 cm boxes in the greenhouse on February 20, March 10, and April 1. Seedlings appeared after 10-12 days, on May 1 they were transplanted to open field. This ensured that the seedlings were 70, 50, and 30 days old. Planting in open field was carried out in a scheme of 50x10 cm. Harvesting took place on September 1-5. Morpho-biometric indicators include determining the main quality indicators of seedlings before planting in open field: the number and surface of leaves. In each replicate, 10 of the most typical continuously recorded plants were identified, excluding plants from the soil. Data analysis at the end of the research shows that plants with higher seedling nutrition had better morphometric parameters. This is explained by the fact that the plants already have good performance during the seedling period and are of higher quality than the smallest area for seedling production.

the article presents the results of research on the changes in fruit quality and chemical composition when fruit of watermelon varieties and hybrids are stored in a combined method (in the open field and in a naturally ventilated warehouse). Also in the article, the advantages and disadvantages of this method of storage are explained from a scientific point of view.

The tourism industry is an important sector contributing to the world economy where many countries’ economies worldwide depend mostly on the tourism industry incomes. In the present study, we analyze and review the tourism industry strength, weaknesses and opportunities in Morocco through applying Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis. The study highlights the importance of the tourism sector for the socio-economic growth and development of the Moroccan economy and the need to preserve the country’s natural and cultural wealth by adopting environmentally sustainable practices.

Abstract This article describes the ways to develop production cooperation of enterprises of agriculture and processing industry. Scientific-theoretical and methodological-practical solutions to the problems of production cooperation of agricultural and industrial enterprises are covered by scientific research of CIS countries, foreign scientists and local scientists. World experience has shown that the efficiency of agricultural producers depends not only on cooperation based on the principles of internal division of labor on farms, but also on intersectoral cooperation and integration of production, storage, processing and sale of raw materials.

in the article, the results of the research carried out in order tostudy the influence of the time of planting and the area of feeding theseedlings on the biometric parameters of the leek (Allium porrum) plant arepresented with a deep scientific analysis. Planting was done by hand in 4x1cm rows in 7x40x60 cm boxes in the greenhouse on February 20, March10, and April 1. Seedlings appeared after 10-12 days, on May 1 they weretransplanted to open field. With this, 70, 50, 30 days of seedlings wereprovided. Planting in open field was carried out in a scheme of 50x10 cm.Harvesting took place on September 1-5. Morpho-biometric indicatorsinclude determining the main quality indicators of seedlings beforeplanting in open field: plant weight, false stem diameter, plant height andnumber of leaves. In each replicate, 10 of the most typical continuouslyrecorded plants were identified, excluding plants from the soil. Thefollowing indicators were determined for these plants: plant height, falsestem diameter, number of leaves. Plant height was measured from thebottom of the leaves to the tip. At the end of the research, the data analysisshows that the effect of the feeding area of the seedlings during thegrowing season on the above-ground mass of the plant was the sameduring all planting periods. Over the entire growing season, leek plantsgrown with the largest feeding area had a higher above-ground mass thanthose with the smallest seedling feeding area.

In the article, the results of the research carried out in theconditions of Uzbekistan for the purpose of comparing the varieties of leek"Elephant", "Bandit" and hybrids "Lincoln F1", "Chinuk F1" in terms ofvaluable economic characteristics are presented with a deep scientificanalysis. Planting was carried out by hand in 4x1 cm rows in 7x40x60 cmboxes in a greenhouse on March 15. Seedlings appeared after 10-12 days,on May 10 they were transplanted to open field. Planting in open field wascarried out in a scheme of 50x10 cm. Morpho-biometric indicators includedetermining the main quality indicators of seedlings before planting inopen field: plant weight, false stem diameter, plant height and number ofleaves. Plant height was measured from the bottom of the leaves to the tip.At the end of the research, the data analysis shows that among the studiedleek varieties and hybrids, the hybrid "Lincoln F1" was superior to othervarieties and hybrids in terms of all valuable economic characteristics, andwe will further research this hybrid. we separated for In the conditions ofUzbekistan, this hybrid recorded high indicators in terms of plant weight,false stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves.

Abstract In this paper the problem of the propagation of seismic blast waves in a deformable half-space with complex free surfaces of the Noryn Canyon (on the Noryn River in Kyrgyzstan) during large-scale underground explosions is discussed. In the explosion, according to a specially developed technique camouflage action charges were used. It was found that, granites in the fault zone are intensely fragmented and fractured. On the plane of the cracks, traces of sliding and friction clay are noticeable. The lowest values of elastic wave velocities are observed in the zones of tectonic cracks and in the surface of the massif. With depth, the velocity increases similarly to the change in fracturing. A theoretical formulation, solution methods and algorithm for the problem of propagation of seismic blast waves in a viscoelastic half-space (with a complex relief of the free surface) are proposed. The aim of the work is to study their dynamic behavior, create a methodology, develop and implement ideas when conducting full-scale experiments and measuring parameters that determine the dynamic behavior of half-space with complex surface and ground rails under seismic and explosive effects. Field experiments and corresponding theoretical studies in this formulation were carried out for the first time.