Université Lumière Lyon 2

A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis method is introduced for characterizing and interpreting the structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters. The method facilitates analytic and sense making tasks by integrating network visualization, spectral clustering, automatic cluster labeling, and text summarization. Co-citation networks are decomposed into co-citation clusters. The interpretation of these clusters is augmented by automatic cluster labeling and summarization. The method focuses on the interrelations between a co-citation cluster's members and their citers. The generic method is applied to a three-part analysis of the field of Information Science as defined by 12 journals published between 1996 and 2008: 1) a comparative author co-citation analysis (ACA), 2) a progressive ACA of a time series of co-citation networks, and 3) a progressive document co-citation analysis (DCA). Results show that the multiple-perspective method increases the interpretability and accountability of both ACA and DCA networks.

Monetary and Nonmonetary Punishment in the Voluntary Contributions Mechanism by David Masclet, Charles Noussair, Steven Tucker and Marie-Claire Villeval. Published in volume 93, issue 1, pages 366-380 of American Economic Review, March 2003

In everyday social interaction, knowledge displays and negotiations are ubiquitous. At issue is whether we have epistemic access to some state of affairs, but also how certain we are about what we know, our relative authority and our differential rights and responsibilities with respect to this knowledge. Implicit in this conceptualization is that knowledge is dynamic, graded and multi-dimensional and that our deployment of and reliance on epistemic resources are normatively organized. As Drew puts it, there is a "conventional ascription of warrantable rights or entitlements over the possession and use of certain kinds of knowledge" (1991: 45). As in any normatively organized system, we can and do hold one another accountable for justifiably asserting our rights and fulfilling our obligations with respect to knowledge. It is in this way that we see the epistemic domain as morally ordered.

BACKGROUND: The exact overall incidence of sarcoma and sarcoma subtypes is not known. The objective of the present population-based study was to determine this incidence in a European region (Rhone-Alpes) of six million inhabitants, based on a central pathological review of the cases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: From March 2005 to February 2007, pathology reports and tumor blocks were prospectively collected from the 158 pathologists of the Rhone-Alpes region. All diagnosed or suspected cases of sarcoma were collected, reviewed centrally, examined for molecular alterations and classified according to the 2002 World Health Organization classification. Of the 1287 patients screened during the study period, 748 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. The overall crude and world age-standardized incidence rates were respectively 6.2 and 4.8 per 100,000/year. Incidence rates for soft tissue, visceral and bone sarcomas were respectively 3.6, 2.0 and 0.6 per 100,000. The most frequent histological subtypes were gastrointestinal stromal tumor (18%; 1.1/100,000), unclassified sarcoma (16%; 1/100,000), liposarcoma (15%; 0.9/100,000) and leiomyosarcoma (11%; 0.7/100,000). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The observed incidence of sarcomas was higher than expected. This study is the first detailed investigation of the crude incidence of histological and molecular subtypes of sarcomas.

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= 27) were engaged in music listening. We orally administrated to each participant a dopamine precursor (levodopa), a dopamine antagonist (risperidone), and a placebo (lactose) in three different sessions. We demonstrate that levodopa and risperidone led to opposite effects in measures of musical pleasure and motivation: while the dopamine precursor levodopa, compared with placebo, increased the hedonic experience and music-related motivational responses, risperidone led to a reduction of both. This study shows a causal role of dopamine in musical pleasure and indicates that dopaminergic transmission might play different or additive roles than the ones postulated in affective processing so far, particularly in abstract cognitive activities.

Abstract Extensive channel narrowing in southeastern France provides an illustration of geomorphic response to land‐use changes. The study region comprises a range of environments, from large piedmont and intramountain gravel‐bed rivers, to small mountain streams. Field measurements and analysis of historical data demonstrate two distinct periods of channel change. From 1850 to 1950, channel narrowing is interpreted to be the result of a recovery process in response to widespread channel destabilization induced by major floods during the second half of the 19th century. At the time, the largely deforested basins were highly responsive to flooding, whereas the recovery process was accelerated by floodplain and basin‐scale land use changes (afforestation) and torrential control works, which in turn reduced sediment delivery and enabled vegetation development in channels. From 1950 to 1970, channel narrowing accelerated in most of the studied rivers. This recent phenomenon is considered as a human‐induced fluvial adjustment, directly related to forest development on river margins and human abandonment of intensive floodplain land uses. At the same time, long‐profile degradation occurred as a result of long‐term bedload supply decrease. In small mountain streams, channel narrowing is mainly explained by channel incision which seems to progress from upstream where sediment sources are progressively stabilized by afforestation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Attempts to stress the importance of vocabulary in linguistics. This book is a series of articles which cover much of the current research activity in the applied linguistics of vocabulary description

Results of shoulder arthroplasty in patients with a deficient rotator cuff often are suboptimal with significant limitations in postoperative active mobility. Short-term results using a reverse design prosthesis in the treatment of the cuff-deficient arthritic shoulder are encouraging. This prosthesis compares favorably, particularly with regard to postoperative active anterior elevation, to other treatment options in this challenging patient population.

Organizational Memory Studies (OMS) is limited by its managerialist, presentist preoccupation with the utility of memory for knowledge management. The dominant model of memory in OMS is that of a storage bin. But this model has been rejected by psychologists because it overlooks the distinctly human subjective experience of remembering, i.e. episodic memory. OMS also fails to take account of the specific social and historical contexts of organizational memory. The methodological individualism that is prevalent in OMS makes it difficult to engage with the rapidly expanding sociological and historical literature in social memory studies, where a more social constructionist approach to ‘collective memory’ is generally favoured. However, for its part social memory studies derived from Maurice Halbwachs neglects organizations, focusing primarily on the nation as a mnemonic community. From a critical perspective organizations can be seen as appropriating society’s memory through corporate sites of memory such as historical visitor attractions and corporate museums. There is scope for a sociological and historical reorientation within OMS, drawing on social memory studies and focusing on corporate sites of memory, such as The Henry Ford museum complex, as well as the mnemonic role of founders and beginnings in organizations. Taking a social constructionist, collectivist approach to social remembering in organizations allows connections to be made between memory and other research programmes, such as organizational culture studies.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to compare results of partial medial arthroscopic meniscectomy with results of partial lateral arthroscopic meniscectomy and to determine prognostic factors. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective comparative study with statistical analysis. METHODS: In this study, 362 medial and 109 lateral isolated arthroscopic meniscectomies are presented with a minimum follow-up time of 10 years. All knees were stable with no previous surgery or traumatic lesion. RESULTS: In this study, 95% of the patients were very satisfied or satisfied with the results of the medial meniscectomy, and 95.5% with results of the lateral meniscectomy (P =.32). According to grades 1 and 2 of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form, 85.8% of the medial meniscectomy group were free of any symptoms, as were 79.7% of the lateral meniscectomy group (P =.11). Radiologic changes after medial and lateral meniscectomy were found in 21.5% and 37.5%, respectively (P =.11). The rates of radiologic changes in patients in whom the contralateral knee was radiologically normal were 22.3% and 39%, respectively (P =.016). The rate of repeat surgeries for osteoarthritis was less than 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective and clinical results after medial or lateral meniscectomy are quite similar, but radiologic results are significantly worse after lateral meniscectomy. The most accurate way to determine the degeneration caused by the meniscectomy is to evaluate joint space narrowing in patients in whom the contralateral knee was radiologically normal. Otherwise, partial medial or lateral meniscectomy are well tolerated. A better prognosis can be predicted for a patient with an isolated medial meniscal tear with one or more of the following factors: age less than 35 years, a vertical tear, no cartilage damage, and an intact meniscal rim at the end of the meniscectomy. With an isolated lateral meniscal tear, a better prognosis can be predicted if the patient is young and has an intact meniscal rim at the end of the meniscectomy.

South Asia is rich in Lower Paleolithic Acheulian sites. These have been attributed to the Middle Pleistocene on the basis of a small number of dates, with a few older but disputed age estimates. Here, we report new ages from the excavated site of Attirampakkam, where paleomagnetic measurements and direct (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating of stone artifacts now position the earliest Acheulian levels as no younger than 1.07 million years ago (Ma), with a pooled average age of 1.51 ± 0.07 Ma. These results reveal that, during the Early Pleistocene, India was already occupied by hominins fully conversant with an Acheulian technology including handaxes and cleavers among other artifacts. This implies that a spread of bifacial technologies across Asia occurred earlier than previously accepted.

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an established method of treatment for symptomatic articular defects of cartilage. CARTIPATCH is a monolayer-expanded cartilage cell product which is combined with a novel hydrogel to improve cell phenotypic stability and ease of surgical handling. Our aim in this prospective, multicentre study on 17 patients was to investigate the clinical, radiological, arthroscopic and histological outcome at a minimum follow-up of two years after the implantation of autologous chondrocytes embedded in a three-dimensional alginate-agarose hydrogel for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects. Clinically, all the patients improved significantly. Patients with lesions larger than 3 cm(2) improved significantly more than those with smaller lesions. There was no correlation between the clinical outcome and the body mass index, age, duration of symptoms and location of the defects. The mean arthroscopic International Cartilage Repair Society score was 10 (5 to 12) of a maximum of 12. Predominantly hyaline cartilage was seen in eight of the 13 patients (62%) who had follow-up biopsies. Our findings suggest that autologous chondrocyte implantation in combination with a novel hydrogel results in a significant clinical improvement at follow-up at two years, more so for larger and deeper lesions. The surgical procedure is uncomplicated, and predominantly hyaline cartilage-like repair tissue was observed in eight patients.

PURPOSE: To describe the incidence of bony lesions accompanying chronic anterior shoulder instability using fluoroscopically controlled radiography. TYPE OF STUDY: Case series of radiographic findings of patients with chronic anterior shoulder instability. METHODS: Radiographs of 160 shoulders in 156 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability were retrospectively evaluated; 132 shoulders had experienced recurrent dislocations, 18 shoulders had experienced recurrent subluxations, and 10 shoulders showed evidence of anterior instability at arthroscopy despite no reported history of instability. Fluoroscopically controlled radiographic views included an anteroposterior view with the humeral head in 3 rotations and a glenoid profile view with a comparison view of the contralateral shoulder. RESULTS: A humeral impaction fracture was identified on the anteroposterior radiographs in 117 of 160 shoulders (73.1%). The glenoid profile view showed an osseous lesion of the glenoid in 126 of 160 shoulders (78.8%). The anteroposterior radiograph showed an osseous lesion of the glenoid in an additional 13 shoulders (8.2%). Overall, an osseous lesion, either humeral or glenoid, was identified in 152 of 160 shoulders (95.0%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the frequent presence of bony lesions in patients with anterior shoulder instability.

The functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processings for odors was studied using positron emission tomography (PET). The first experiment was a pretest in which 71 normal subjects were asked to rate 185 odorants in terms of intensity, familiarity, hedonicity, and comestibility and to name the odorants. This pretest was necessary to select the most appropriate stimuli for the different cognitive tasks of the second experiment. The second one was a PET experiment in which 15 normal subjects were scanned using the water bolus method to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the performance in three conditions. In the first (perceptual) condition, subjects were asked to judge whether an odor was familiar or not. In the second (semantic) condition, subjects had to decide whether an odor corresponded to a comestible item or not. In the third (detection) condition, subjects had to judge whether the perceived stimulus was made of an odor or was just air. It was hypothetized that the three tasks were hierarchically organized from a superficial detection level to a deep semantic level. Odorants were presented with an air-flow olfactometer, which allowed the stimulations to be synchronized with breathing. Subtraction of activation images obtained between familiarity and control judgments revealed that familiarity judgments were mainly associated with the activity of the right orbito-frontal area, the subcallosal gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate (Brodmann's areas 11, 25, 47, 9, and 32, respectively). The comestibility minus familiarity comparison showed that comestibility judgments selectively activated the primary visual areas. In contrast, a decrease in rCBF was observed in these same visual areas for familiarity judgments and in the orbito-frontal area for comestibility judgments. These results suggest that orbito-frontal and visual regions interact in odor processing in a complementary way, depending on the task requirements.

BACKGROUND: Few large series of arthropathy related to anterior glenohumeral instability are available in the orthopaedic literature, preventing analysis of the incidence and the risk factors of preoperative and postoperative glenohumeral arthritis. HYPOTHESIS: Anterior stabilization surgery influences the risk factors of glenohumeral arthritis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: There were 570 patients who underwent an instability procedure. Clinical and radiographic preoperative data were collected for these patients. Arthritis was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with the Samilson classification. The mean age at surgery was 31.9 years. Follow-up averaged 6.5 years. RESULTS: The preoperative incidence of arthritis was 9.2%. Arthritic risk factors were older age at the initial dislocation and at surgery, increased length of time from the initial dislocation until surgery, and the presence of osseous glenoid rim lesions. Postoperative arthritis in patients without any preoperative arthritis occurred in 19.7% and was correlated with older age at the initial dislocation and at surgery, increased number of dislocations, and longer follow-up. Decreased external rotation at latest follow-up correlated with arthritis, although whether this was the cause or the effect was unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Similar factors contribute to preoperative and postoperative arthritis in patients with anterior glenohumeral instability, suggesting that surgery does not influence the risk factors of arthritis. Although decreased external rotation with the arm at side statistically correlated with arthritis in this study, the authors were unable to establish this as an effectual relationship because nearly all patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis, whether instability related or not, have decreased external rotation.

Collaborative learning tasks involve interaction between multiple participants, who thus need to maintain some degree of mutual understanding. The process by which this is accomplished is termed grounding. The way in which collaboration, grounding and learning take place is largely determined by the task, the situation and the tools available. This paper discusses relations between grounding, collaboration and learning, drawing on research from two main areas: the Language Sciences and Cultural-Historical Activity Theory ("CHAT"). We build a unifying perspective of mutual understanding mediated by material and semiotic tools that can be used for analysis as well as for design of collaborative learning tasks, especially those that are carried out via computer-mediated communication. We illustrate the perspective with reference to a particular computermediated collaborative learning situation in the domain of physics. 1. Introduction Collaborative learning is a complex phenomenon that c...

BACKGROUND: The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) inventory is the most usual measure to identify the nature of coping strategies implemented by individuals and explore 14 coping strategies. The availability of a structure with fewer factors rather than the initial 14-factor structure may be of interest for both healthcare professionals and researchers. We report the validation process of a 4-factor structure of the French version of the Brief COPE in a French sample of individuals facing a singular life event, such as cancer, including patients and their caregivers. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included cancer patients and their caregivers. Self-administered data were collected including: socio-demographic (age, gender, marital status, employment status, and education level), coping strategies using the French version of the Brief COPE, quality of life (QoL) using the French version of the short form health survey questionnaire (SF36). Construct validity, internal consistency, reliability, and external validity were tested. RESULTS: The sample included 398 individuals. The principal component factor analysis identified a 4-factor structure. The dimensions were labeled according to their constitutive items: social support (8 items), problem solving (4), avoidance (10), and positive thinking (6). The 4-factor structure was supported by different theoretical models of coping and showed satisfactory psychometric properties. CONCLUSION: The 4-factor structure of the French version of the Brief COPE, validated in a sample of individuals facing a singular stressful event, including cancer patients and their caregivers, makes the instrument easier to use both in clinical practice and clinical research.

Overseas production is frequently seen as a force inducing the decentralisation of R&D. A complementary explanation can be provided if we admit that the acquisition of knowledge is one of the key factors behind the internationalisation of R&D. Multinational firms which adopt such a technology-oriented posture must create an external organisation that is designed to scan and absorb external scientific and technological capabilities, a process which we refer to as a quest for 'external proximity'. However, the multinational firm's external organisation should not be constituted to the detriment of its organisational coherence; it should, on the contrary, be completed by the implementation of relations of proximity internal to the firm, which we refer to as 'internal proximity'. From this perspective, the multinational firm that manages dispersed R&D units is seen as facing a tension - an organisational trade-off - between external proximity and internal proximity.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience sleep disturbances that may be worsened by some antidepressant drugs early in treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the subjective quality of sleep of patients receiving agomelatine, a new antidepressant with melatonergic MT(1) and MT(2) receptor agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist properties, compared with that of patients receiving venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. METHOD: This double-blind, randomized study involved 332 patients with MDD (DSM-IV criteria), lasted 6 weeks, and compared the effects of agomelatine 25-50 mg/day and venlafaxine 75-150 mg/day, with a possible dose adjustment at 2 weeks. Subjective sleep was assessed with the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ), and the main efficacy criterion was the "getting to sleep" score. Antidepressant efficacy was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) global improvement scale. The study was performed between November 2002 and June 2004. RESULTS: After 6 weeks, the antidepressant efficacy of agomelatine was similar to that of venlafaxine. The LSEQ "getting to sleep" score was significantly better with agomelatine (70.5 +/- 16.8 mm) than with venlafaxine (64.1 +/- 18.2 mm); the between-treatment difference at the last visit was 6.36 mm (p = .001), and the difference was already significant at week 1. Secondary sleep items, including LSEQ quality of sleep (p = .021), sleep awakenings (p = .040), integrity of behavior (p = .024), and sum of HAM-D items 4, 5, and 6 (insomnia score) (p = .044), were also significantly improved compared to venlafaxine, as was the CGI global improvement score (p = .016). Incidence of adverse events was 52.1% with agomelatine and 57.1% with venlafaxine, and withdrawals due to adverse events were more common with venlafaxine than with agomelatine (13.2% vs. 4.2%). CONCLUSION: Agomelatine showed similar antidepressant efficacy with earlier and greater efficacy in improving subjective sleep than venlafaxine in MDD patients.