University of Qom

The waste-to-wealth concept aims to promote a future sustainable lifestyle where waste valorization is seen not only for its intrinsic benefits to the environment but also to develop new technologies, livelihoods and jobs. Based on the concept of waste valorization and circular economy, this review aims to provide an overview of present trends and future potential in the conversion of residues from different food sectors into valuable bio(nano)materials.

Let G be a simple connected graph. The first and second Zagreb indices have been introduced as  vV(G) (v)2 M1(G) degG and M2(G)  uvE(G)degG(u)degG(v) , respectively, where degG v(degG u) is the degree of vertex v (u) . In this paper, we define a new distance-based named HyperZagreb as e uv E(G) . (v))2 HM(G)     (degG(u)  degG In this paper, the HyperZagreb index of the Cartesian product, composition, join and disjunction of graphs are computed.

Palladium (Pd) has been the key element for several C–C bond-forming reactions, especially the Nobel-acclaimed Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, among others. This review article describes recent efforts toward the synthetic strategies, characterization, and development of various nanostructured material supports for adorning Pd nanoparticles and their sustainable use in catalyzing at least one of the three aforementioned transformations. Recent advances are highlighted for assorted nanostructured materials-supported Pd nanocatalysts; designed nanostructures possessing engineered morphologies, magnetic Pd nanocomposites, polymers, metal–organic frameworks, and hybrid nanostructured catalysts are described for diverse Pd nanocatalysts. Selected examples expounding the concepts and rationale behind the reactivity enhancement and the reusability of the nanostructured Pd catalysts are presented via control of the structure, composition, and intrinsic nature of the introduced supports. Heterogeneous cross–coupling catalysis, a necessary tool in everyday chemical transformations, is illustrated, implicating eminent functions presented by the structural properties of the supports, associated pros and cons, their recyclability, and the efficiency.

This paper reports on the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (NPs) using extract of the Euphorbia esula L leaves as reductant and stabilizer without any surfactant. The catalytic efficiency of the prepared Cu NPs for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and ligand-free Ullmann-coupling reaction is discussed. The Cu NPs were characterized with UV-vis, XRD and TEM methods. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology, and elimination of ligand and easy work up.

Abstract Among different metallic nanoparticles, sliver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most essential and fascinating nanomaterials. Importantly, among the metal based nanoparticles, Ag NPs play a key role in various fields such as biomedicine, biosensors, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly in nanomedicine. A main concern about the chemical synthesis of Ag NPs is the production of hazardous chemicals and toxic wastes. To overcome this problem, many research studies have been carried out on the green synthesis of Ag NPs using green sources such as plant extracts, microorganisms and some biopolymers without formation of hazardous wastes. Among green sources, plants could be remarkably valuable to exploring the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. In this review, the green synthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts such as Ag NPs, AgPd NPs, Au−Ag NPs, Ag/AgPd NPs, Ag/Cu NPs, Ag@AgCl NPs, Au−Ag@AgCl nanocomposite, Ag−Cr‐AC nanocomposite and Ag NPs immobilized on various supports such as Natrolite zeolite, bone, ZnO, seashell, hazelnut shell, almond shell, SnO 2 , perlite, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , α‐Al 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , reduced graphene oxide (rGO), h‐Fe 2 O 3 @SiO 2 , and Fe 3 O 4 using numerous plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in the absence of hazardous surfactant and capping agents has been focused. This work describes the state of the art and future challenges in the biosynthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts. The fact about the application of living plants in metal nanoparticle (MNPs) industry is that it is a more economical and efficient biosynthesis biosynthetic procedure. In addition, the catalytic activities of the synthesized, Ag‐based recyclable nanocatalysts using various plant extracts in several chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, coupling, cycloaddition, cyanation, epoxidation, hydration, degradation and hydrogenation reactions have bben extensively discussed.

Viral infections have recently emerged not only as a health threat to people but rapidly became the cause of universal fatality on a large scale. Nanomaterials comprising functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and quantum dots and nanotechnology-associated innovative detection methods, vaccine design, and nanodrug production have shown immense promise for interfacing with pathogenic viruses and restricting their entrance into cells. These viruses have been scrutinized using rapid diagnostic detection and therapeutic interventional options against the caused infections including vaccine development for prevention and control. Coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have endangered human life, and the COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a perilous challenge to public health globally with huge accompanying morbidity rates. Thus, it is imperative to expedite the drug and vaccine development efforts that would help mitigate this pandemic. In this regard, smart and innovative nano-based technologies and approaches encompassing applications of green nanomedicine, bio-inspired methods, multifunctional bioengineered nanomaterials, and biomimetic drug delivery systems/carriers can help resolve the critical issues regarding detection, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. This perspective review expounds recent nanoscience advancements for the detection and treatment of viral infections with focus on coronaviruses and encompasses nano-based formulations and delivery platforms, nanovaccines, and promising methods for clinical diagnosis, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2.

A novel carbon paste electrode modified with ZnO nanorods and 5-(4'-amino-3'-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-acrylic acid (3,4'-AAZCPE) was fabricated. The electrochemical study of the modified electrode, as well as its efficiency for the electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa, is described. The electrode was employed to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CHA), and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) as diagnostic techniques. It has been found that the oxidation of levodopa at the surface of the modified electrode occurs at a potential of about 370 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. The SWV results exhibit a linear dynamic range from 1.0 × 10(-7) M to 7.0 × 10(-5) M and a detection limit of 3.5 × 10(-8) M for levodopa. In addition, this modified electrode was used for the simultaneous determination of levodopa and carbidopa. Finally, the modified electrode was used for the determination of levodopa and carbidopa in some real samples.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic led to profound changes in the organization of health care systems worldwide. AIMS: We sought to measure the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volumes for mechanical thrombectomy, stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage hospitalizations over a three-month period at the height of the pandemic (1 March-31 May 2020) compared with two control three-month periods (immediately preceding and one year prior). METHODS: Retrospective, observational, international study, across 6 continents, 40 countries, and 187 comprehensive stroke centers. The diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes and/or classifications in stroke databases at participating centers. RESULTS: The hospitalization volumes for any stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and mechanical thrombectomy were 26,699, 4002, and 5191 in the three months immediately before versus 21,576, 3540, and 4533 during the first three pandemic months, representing declines of 19.2% (95%CI, -19.7 to -18.7), 11.5% (95%CI, -12.6 to -10.6), and 12.7% (95%CI, -13.6 to -11.8), respectively. The decreases were noted across centers with high, mid, and low COVID-19 hospitalization burden, and also across high, mid, and low volume stroke/mechanical thrombectomy centers. High-volume COVID-19 centers (-20.5%) had greater declines in mechanical thrombectomy volumes than mid- (-10.1%) and low-volume (-8.7%) centers (p < 0.0001). There was a 1.5% stroke rate across 54,366 COVID-19 hospitalizations. SARS-CoV-2 infection was noted in 3.9% (784/20,250) of all stroke admissions. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decline in the volume of overall stroke hospitalizations, mechanical thrombectomy procedures, and intracranial hemorrhage admission volumes. Despite geographic variations, these volume reductions were observed regardless of COVID-19 hospitalization burden and pre-pandemic stroke/mechanical thrombectomy volumes.

Among various immobilizing materials, conductive polymer-based nanocomposites have been widely applied to fabricate the biosensors, because of their outstanding properties such as excellent electrocatalytic activity, high conductivity, and strong adsorptive ability compared to conventional conductive polymers. Electrochemical biosensors have played a significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring in a rapid, simple, and low cost portable device. This paper reviews the recent developments in conductive polymer-based nanocomposites and their applications in electrochemical biosensors. The article starts with a general and concise comparison between the properties of conducting polymers and conducting polymer nanocomposites. Next, the current applications of conductive polymer-based nanocomposites of some important conducting polymers such as PANI, PPy, and PEDOT in enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors are overviewed. This review article covers an 8-year period beginning in 2010.

This article describes the best corrosion inhibition behavior and adsorption of newly synthesized amino tetrazole using electrochemical and computational methods.

In situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO)–Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite was carried out with barberry fruit extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

L. extract as a reducing agent without stabilizers or surfactants. The immobilization of Cu NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Cu/MgO nanocomposite acts as a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) using sodium borohydride in aqueous media at room temperature. The catalyst was recycled multiple times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.

Herein, we describe a green and eco-friendly synthesis method for preparing a Cu/RGO/Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite through biological reduction of graphene oxide and Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ ions using Euphorbia wallichii leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

nanoparticles into the cross-linked ionic liquid/epoxy type polymer. The resulting support was used for covalent immobilization of cellulase through the reaction with epoxy groups. The ionic surface of the support improved the adsorption of enzyme, and a large amount of enzyme (106.1 mg/g) was loaded onto the support surface. The effect of the presence of ionic monomer and covalent binding of enzyme was also investigated. The structure of support was characterized by various instruments such as FT-IR, TGA, VSM, XRD, TEM, SEM, and DLS. The activity and stability of immobilized cellulase were investigated in the prepared support. The results showed that the ionic surface and covalent binding of enzyme onto the support improved the activity, thermal stability, and reusability of cellulase compared to free cellulase.

This review gives an overview of the synthesis, surface and electrochemical investigations over ternary nanocomposite of conductive polymers in the development of new supercapacitors. They utilize both Faradaic and non-Faradaic procedures to store charge, leading to higher specific capacitance and energy density, higher cell voltage, longer life cycle and moderated power density. Owing to a unique combination of features such as superb electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance in aqueous electrolytes, highly modifiable nanostructures, long cycle life and the large theoretical specific-surface area, the use of ternary nanocomposites as a supercapacitor electrode material has become the focus of a significant amount of current scientific researches in the field of energy storage devices. In these nanocomposites, graphene not only can be utilized to provide a substrate for growing nanostructured polymers in a polymer-carbon nanocomposite structure in order to overcome the insulating nature of conductive polymers at dedoped states, but also is capable of providing a platform for the decoration of metal oxide nanoparticles to avoid their agglomeration. In this regard, synthesis, characterization and performance of different ternary nanocomposites of conductive polymer/graphene/metal oxide are discussed in detail. These remarkable results demonstrate the exciting commercial potential for high performance, environmentally friendly and low-cost electrical energy storage devices based on ternary nanocomposite of conductive polymer/graphene/metal oxide.

The approach and novelty of this scientific work was to formulate the appropriate Streptozotocin (STZ) and Alloxan dosage in different routes of administration to imply minimum mortality rate and high incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the rat experiment model. Rats were randomly divided into STZ, Alloxan and control groups. 1-Alloxan group was divided into two subgroups: intraperitoneal (ip) subgroups which received a single dose of, 140, 120, 100 and 80 mg/kg; and the subcutaneous (sc) subgroups which received a single dose of, 120, 110, 100, 90, and 80 mg/kg. 2-STZ group was divided into four subgroups of ip route. The ip subgroup which received intraperitoneally a single dose of, 30, 35, 40 and 50 mg/kg. 3-The control group: This group received solo distilled water. The injection day was considered as the day zero. Blood glucose levels and mortality rate were recorded. Subsequently, 30 days after, the logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate the effect of the explanatory variables, the dose levels, and route approaches, on the probability of DM incidence, and mortality. According to the statistical logistic analysis for Alloxan, it is concluded that the minimum dosage needed to induce DM was 120 mg/kg by sc method (probability 0.712). In addition, the logistic analysis for STZ showed that the optimal dose-level for STZ was 40 mg/kg with ip with approximate induction of DM probability 0.764. Based on the data, male Wistar rats in which received a single dosage of Alloxan by sc injection at dose of 120 mg/kg showed the most desirable result of induction of type I DM; furthermore, those in which received STZ by ip injection at the dose of 40 mg/kg developed a persistent and optimal DM state characterized by high rate of DM induction and low- level of mortality.

Accurate suspended sediment prediction is an integral component of sustainable water resources and environmental systems. This study considered artificial neural network (ANN), wavelet analysis and ANN combination (WANN), multilinear regression (MLR), and sediment rating curve (SRC) models for daily suspended sediment load (S) modeling in the Iowa River gauging station in the United States. In the proposed WANN model, discrete wavelet transform was linked to the ANN method. For this purpose, observed time series of river discharge (Q) and S were decomposed into several subtime series at different scales by discrete wavelet transform. Then these subtime series were imposed as inputs to the ANN method to predict one-day-ahead S. The results showed that the WANN model was in good agreement with the observed S values and that it performed better than the other models. The coefficient of efficiency was 0.81 for the WANN model and 0.67, 0.6, and 0.39 for the ANN, MLR, and SRC models, respectively. In addition, the WANN model presented relatively reasonable predictions for extreme S values, acceptably simulated the hysteresis phenomenon, and satisfactorily estimated the cumulative suspended sediment load. Wavelet transforms provide useful decompositions of primary time series, so that wavelet-transformed data improve the ability of a predicting model by capturing useful information on various resolution levels. The proposed WANN model can be considered as a relatively new application of a combined wavelet and ANN model for suspended sediment prediction.

We report the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tamarix gallica leaf extract and their catalytic activity for N -arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl halides under ligand-free conditions.

Carbon-based nanomaterials are becoming attractive materials due to their unique structural dimensions and promising mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and chemical characteristics. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon and graphene quantum dots have numerous applications in diverse areas, including biosensing, drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, imaging, regenerative medicine, diagnosis, and cancer therapy. Cancer remains one of the major health problems all over the world, and several therapeutic approaches are focussed on designing targeted anticancer drug delivery nanosystems by applying benign and less hazardous resources with high biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, remarkable targeted therapy issues, and low adverse effects. This review highlights the recent development on these carbon based-nanomaterials in the field of targeted cancer therapy and discusses their possible and promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications for the treatment of cancers.

A natrolite zeolite/palladium (natrolite zeolite/Pd) nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized applying a simple in situ reduction method using an aqueous extract of fruits of Piper longum as a reducing and stabilizing agent.