The analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel intranasal morphine formulation (morphine plus chitosan), immediate release oral morphine, intravenous morphine, and placebo in a postsurgical dental pain model.

Background Opioids are standard treatment for postoperative pain. In this study, we compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal (i.n.) morphine to i.v. and oral morphine and placebo.Methods Two-hundred-twenty-five patients with moderate-to-severe pain after third molar extraction were randomized ... View More