Effect of smoking on tibial shaft fracture healing.

Of 146 consecutive closed and Grade I open tibia shaft fractures treated with cast immobilization, external fixation, or intramedullary rod fixation during a 4-year period, 44 of 76 (58%) tibias of patients who smoked and 59 of 70 (84%) tibias of patients who did not smoke had followup to union or f... View More