Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates, factors affecting their variation, and predation impact on ungulates were studied in the Polish part of BiałowieŻa Primeval Forest (580 km2). With the mean size of hunting groups being 4.4 individuals, wolves killed, on average, 0.513 ± 0.04 prey·(pack)−1·d−1 (mean ± 1...