Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: review and update on molecular mechanisms.
Published in The British journal of ophthalmology • Jan 1, 2016
Authors:,,
Jwu Jin Khong
Alan A McNab
Peter R Ebeling
Abstract
Orbital changes in thyroid orbitopathy (TO) result from de novo adipogenesis, hyaluronan synthesis, interstitial oedema and enlargement of extraocular muscles. Cellular immunity, with predominantly CD4+ T cells expressing Th1 cytokines, and overexpression of macrophage-derived cytokines, perpetuate ...
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