An optimized XGBoost-based machine learning method for predicting wave run-up on a sloping beach

) of 0.98675, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.635%, and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.03902. Compared to empirical formulas, which are often limited to a fixed range of slopes, the XGBoost model is applicable over a broader range of beach slopes and incident wave amplitudes.•The... View More