Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis

P Gray, Authia; Chung, Erin; Hsu, Rebecca; T Araki, Daniel; Gershberg Hayoon, Anna; Davis Weaver, Nicole; R Swetschinski, Lucien; E Wool, Eve; Han, Chieh; Meštrović, Tomislav; S Ikuta, Kevin; Abbas, Nasir; Abbasi, Madineh; Abd ElHafeez, Samar; Mosisa Abdisa, Wakgari; Abdoun, Meriem; Abdullahi, Auwal; Abebe, Mesfin; Agalu Abejew, Asrat; Abie, Alemwork; Abolhassani, Hassan; J Abukhadijah, Hana; Achore, Meshack; C. Adams, Lisa; A. Adedokun, Kamoru; Olamilekan Adesola, Ridwan; Adiga, Usha; Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah; Adeyimika Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo; Agyemang‐Duah, Williams; Ahadi, Mahsa; Ahmad, Aqeel; Ahmed, G; Ahmed, Haroon; Saleh Ahmed, Meqdad; Anees Ahmed, Syed; Akter, Ema; N. Alansari, Amani; ALBashtawy, Mohammed; M. Aleidi, Shereen; Alemnew, Fentahun; M. Algammal, Abdelazeem; A. Alhumaydhi, Fahad; Usman Ali, Mohammed; Ali, Rafat; Shujait Ali, Syed; Al‐Iede, Montaha; W. Al‐Jabi, Samah; Al-Marwani, Sabah; Y. Alniss, Hasan; R. Alosta, Mohammad; R Alqudimat, Mohammad; R. Al‐Qudimat, Ahmad; Alrawashdeh, Ahmad; Alrimawi, Intima; Majed Alrousan, Sahel; Z. Alshahrani, Najim; Alvis‐Guzmán, Nelson; Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Yaser; Aly, Hany; Akib Al‐Zubayer, Md.; Anagnostakis, Filippos; Anvari, Saeid; Anwer, Razique; Edward Anyasodor, Anayochukwu; Arooj, Mahwish; Aryntayeva, Nurila; Ashraf, Tahira; Asmare, Zelalem; Libanos Assefa, Redeat; Atreya, Alok; Atta, J.; Aujayeb, Avinash; Azargoonjahromi, Ali; Abdulla Aziz, Sadat; Azzolino, Domenico; Aboelnour Badran, Alaa; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Feyisa Balcha, Wondu; Banik, Rajon; Animen Bante, Simachew; Jawdat Barqawi, Hiba; Barrow, Amadou; Basharat, Zarrin; Bassat, Quique; Bastan, Mohammad‐Mahdi; Batiha, Abdul‐Monim; Bauckneht, Matteo; Gashaw Belayneh, Asnake; Belge Bilgin, Gokce; Muhammad Bello, Umar; Benzian, Habib; Assefa Berihun, Abiye; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhargava, Ashish; Bhaskar, Sonu; A Bhutta, Zulfiqar; Naoras Bitar, Ahmad; Borhany, Hamed; Borran, Mina; Bouaoud, Souad; Phuong Bui, Linh; Busch, Felix; Bustanji, Yasser; Alberto Cámera, Luis; Capodici, Angelo; Chakraborty, Chiranjib; Chapuma, Chikondi; Chaurasia, Akhilanand; Chen, Hana; Chong, Bryan; Chopra, Hitesh; G Choudhari, Sonali; Chu, Dinh‐Toi; Chutiyami, Muhammad; Cosma, Claudia; Martins, Natália; Dabbagh, Ali; Dai, Xiaochen; D’Anna, Lucio; Davletov, Dimash; Dehadrai, Aniket; Dineshbhai Desai, Hardik; Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Vinoth; K Dhania, Narender; Dhingra, Sameer; Di Pumpo, Marcello; Dohare, Sushil; D’Oria, Mario; Dorostkar, Fariba; Kokou Dowou, Robert; Tamrat Dresse, Menayit; Atan Edinur, Hisham; Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan; Cyrus Ekundayo, Temitope; Adel El Arab, Rabie; Eldegwi, Marwa; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elkannishy, Sherif; Hassan Elnaem, Mohamed; Elshaer, Mohammed; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Eltaha, Chadi; Emami Zeydi, Amir; Nasrin Eva, Fahima; Fadavian, Heidar; Francis Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi; Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Syed; Farsakoury, Rana; Fazylov, Timur; Fekadu, Ginenus; Membe Femoe, Ulrich; Fleischmann-Struzek, Carolin; Foroutan, Behzad; Foschi, Matteo; A Gadanya, Muktar; Gajdács, Márió; Ganesan, Balasankar; García‐Azorín, David; Garlasco, Jacopo; K. Gautam, Rupesh; Sahle Gebre, Feven; Gebru Gebremeskel, Teferi; Samuel George, Nsikakabasi; Yigermal Gete, Kalab; Ghaffari, Kazem; Ghamarnejad, Omid; Gharaibeh, Lobna; Ghoba, Sama; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Gil, Artyom; Girombelli, Alessandro; Golinelli, Davide; Golmohammadi, Melika; Grada, Ayman; Guarducci, Giovanni; Dechasa, Mesay; Gulati, Amit; Asanga Gunawardane, Damitha; Kumar Gupta, Anish; Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth; Simon Hadaro, Tesfahun; Mosa Halil, Hassen; Barrella Harboe, Zitta; Kamrul Hasan, Md.; E. Hawes, Stephen; I Hay, Simon; Hemmati, Mehdi; Hiraike, Yuta; Holla, Ramesh; Gitz Holler, Jon; Hostiuc, Sorin; Chia‐Rong Hsieh, Vivian; Huang, Junjie; M. Hussein, A.; R Hussein, Nawfal; Ibrayeva, Anel; Ikiroma, Adalia; M Ilic, Irena; Ilić, Milena; Ismail, Faisal; Ismoldayev, Yerlan; Jaiswal, Vikash; Jalloh, Mohamed; Javidnia, Javad; Jeong, Seogsong; Jomehzadeh, Nabi; Jyoti, Anupam; Kumar Kakkar, Ashish; Kalra, Sanjay; Kamal, Manoj; Berchi Kankam, Samuel; Karajizadeh, Mehrdad; M. Karpiński, Tomasz; Kasraei, Hengameh; Abera Kebede, Fekadu; Khan, Maseer; Khatatbeh, Haitham; Khatatbeh, Moawiah; Kheradmand, Daniel; Aman Khosla, Atulya; Khosravi, Sepehr; Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood; Khurana, Sakshi; Kim, Kwanghyun; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kolahi, Ali‐Asghar; Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura; Kretchy, James‐Paul; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kuitunen, Ilari; Kumar, Jogender; Kirshan Kumar, Sanjay; Kumar, Tushar; Kumar, Vijay; Kundu, Satyajit; Kurmanova, Аlmagul; Prasad Kurpad, Krishna; Kytö, Ville; Lai, Hanpeng; Lakanova, Balzhan; Landires, Iván; Tran Thi Le, Hang; Ledda, Caterina; Leivaditis, Vasileios; Lin, Jialing; Liu, Vincent; Llanaj, Erand; Lubinda, Jailos; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; D. Lytras, Miltiadis; Lytvyak, Ellina; Sheng-Kai Ma, Kevin; Mabrok, Mahmoud; Hussein Mahmood, Nozad; M Makram, Abdelrahman; Mannethodi, Kamaruddeen; Manzoor, Shaista; Markazi Moghadam, Hamed; Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Francisco; Rillera Marzo, Roy; Marzouk, Sammer; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mayaki, Suleiman; Mehto, Subhash; Antony Menezes, Godfred; Alemaw Mengstie, Leweyehu; Mettananda, Sachith; Mohammad, Taj; Mohammadi, Abdolreza; Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim; Mohan, Syam; Mohsenzadeh, Amin; H. Mokdad, Ali; Mollaei, Amirabbas; Monasta, Lorenzo; Ali Moni, Mohammad; M Morsy, Mahmoud; Mozahheb Yousefi, Kimia; Mulatu, Sileshi; Mulita, Francesk; J L Murray, Christopher; Musa, Sani; Mushtaq, Ali; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthu, Sathish; Naga Rajeev, L; Naghavi, Pirouz; Naik, Hiten; Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Hastyar; J. Nashwan, Abdulqadir; Nassar, Mahmoud; Nazri-Panjaki, Athare; Tebabal Nega, Amanuel; Negoi, Ionuţ; Irina Negoi, Ruxandra; Nepal, Samata; Biresaw Netsere, Henok; Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, Jean; Nikravangolsefid, Nasrin; Toukir Ahmed Noor, Syed; Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Chisom; Kwasi Nyande, Felix; Oancea, Bogdan; Reuben Okeke, Sylvester; John Okesanya, Olalekan; Abayomi Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem; O. Olusanya, Bolajoko; Onyeaghala, Chizaram; Opitz, Marcel; Ortiz‐Prado, Esteban; Osborne, Augustus; H. Othman, Elham; Joseph Otorkpa, Oche; Ouyahia, Amel; Amoakoh Owusu, Irene; Oyelade, Tope; Palicz, Tamás; Kumar Panda, Sujogya; Pantazopoulos, Ioannis; Parekh, Utsav; Yasamin Parvar, Seyedeh; Pasovic, Maja; Passera, Roberto; Patil, SV; Patoulias, Dimitrios; Pawar, Shubhadarshini; Perera, Nilanka; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Nhat Pham, Hoang; Pirera, Edoardo; Poddighe, Dimitri; Poluru, Ramesh; Pourghazi, Farzad; Puvvula, Jagadeesh; Usman Qamar, Muhammad; Hashim Qasim, Nameer; Qian, Gangzhen; Rabiee, Navid; Majeed Rahman, Fryad; Rahmoune, Hakim; Raimondo, Diego; Rajabi, Erta; M. Ramadan, Mahmoud; Ramasamy, C.; Kumaran Ramasamy, Shakthi; G. Randolph, Adrienne; Ranjbar Noei, Fatemeh; J Rao, Sowmya; Rathish, Devarajan; Laith Rawaf, David; Felipe Reyes, Luis; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Robles Aguilar, Gisela; Antonio Buendía, Jefferson; Roever, Leonardo; Rohilla, Ravi; Karim Khan Rony, Moustaq; Rosenblad, Emily; Sekhar Rout, Himanshu; M A Saad, Aly; Saad, Mohamed; Saeed, Mοhd; Saeed, Umar; Saha, Nondo; Monalisa Sahoo, Pragyan; Saki, Morteza; Bresciani Salaroli, Luciane; Leonardo Samodra, Yoseph; Saravi, Babak; S. Sarode, Gargi; C. Sarode, Sachin; Sartorius, Benn; Sathian, Brijesh; Sattarpour, Reza; Saxena, Juhi; Abu Sayeed, Md.; Schınckus, Chrıstophe; E Schumacher, Austin; Sengupta, Pallav; Şerban, Dragoş; B Seyoum, Abebaw; Shahab, Muhammad; Shahrahmani, Fatemeh; Shahwan, Moyad; Shakeri, Alireza; Shakoor, Sadia; Ali Shamshirgaran, Mohammad; Shan, Dan; Sharifan, Amin; Sharifi‐Rad, Javad; Sharma, Vishal; P. Shastry, Rajesh; Shawahna, Ramzi; Shetty, Mahabalesh; Shittu, Aminu; Shivarov, Velizar; Shool, Sina; R Simpson, Colin; Singh, Harmanjit; Singh, Kalpana; Singh, Puneetpal; Singh, Surendra; Sinha, Ratnesh; Feleke Siyoum, Dagne; Yurievich Skryabin, Valentin; M. Soliman, Ahmed; Mohamed Sherif Soliman, May; Salah Soliman, Noha; Soraneh, Soroush; S. Srichawla, Bahadar; Bailey Srivastava, Devin; D Stanaway, Jeffrey; Stergachis, Andy; Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan; Garba Suleiman, Auwal; Sun, Jing; Szarpak, Łukasz; Ronjan Talukdar, Jhalok; Lukenze Tamuzi, Jacques; Tan, Ker‐Kan; Temsah, Mohamad‐Hani; Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan; Thangavelu, Lakshmi; Thayumana Sundaram, Mahalakshmi; Henny Vera Ticoalu, Jansje; Yimer Tiruye, Tenaw; Tleshev, Madi; Tomo, Sojit; Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Marcos; Thuy Huong Tran, Quynh; Huu Tran, Thang; Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen; Sena Tuglo, Lawrence; Ullah, Saeed; Muhammad Umar, Umar; Upadhyay, Era; Sammani Usman, Jibrin; Uzunçıbuk, Hande; Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Asokan; Venkatesh, Balasubramanian; Verma, Anjul; Veroux, Massimiliano; Verras, Georgios‐Ioannis; Hugo Villafañe, Jorge; Villani, Leonardo; Vizzielli, Giuseppe; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yanzhong; Eoin West, T.; Lukman Wicaksana, Anggi; Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha; Andrew Awuah, Wireko; Yadav, Mukesh; Yadav, Vikas; Yasufuku, Yuichi; Yaya, Sanni; Ye, Pengpeng; Yezli, Saber; Yin, Dehui; Keon Yon, Dong; Yüce, Deniz; Zaghampour, Manijeh; Zakham, Fathiah; Zamagni, Giulia; Zamora, Nelson; Сергеевич Застрожин, Михаил; X. Zheng, David; Zhumagaliuly, Abzal; Zumla, Alimuddin; H. Zyoud, Sa’ed; Naghavi, Mohsen

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00356-0

Public

Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis

Published in The Lancet Global Health • Oct 22, 2025

Authors:

Authia P Gray

Erin Chung

Rebecca Hsu

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The global burden of sepsis, a life-threatening dysregulated host response to infection leading to organ dysfunction, remains challenging to quantify. We aimed to comprehensively estimate the global, regional, and national burden of sepsis, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic a...

Subject

Medicine

Incidence (geometry)

Sepsis

Research Assistant

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