Riau University

Three one-dimensional MnO2 nanoparticles with different crystallographic phases, α-, β-, and γ-MnO2, were synthesized, characterized, and tested in heterogeneous activation of Oxone for phenol degradation in aqueous solution. The α-, β-, and γ-MnO2 nanostructured materials presented in morphologies of nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers, respectively. They showed varying activities in activation of Oxone to generate sulfate radicals for phenol degradation depending on surface area and crystalline structure. α-MnO2 nanowires exhibited the highest activity and could degrade phenol in 60 min at phenol concentrations ranging in 25-100 mg/L. It was found that phenol degradation on α-MnO2 followed first order kinetics with an activation energy of 21.9 kJ/mol. The operational parameters, such as MnO2 and Oxone loading, phenol concentration and temperature, were found to influence phenol degradation efficiency. It was also found that α-MnO2 exhibited high stability in recycled tests without losing activity, demonstrating itself to be a superior heterogeneous catalyst to the toxic Co3O4 and Co(2+).

Merancang pembelajaran, termasuk memahami landasan pendidikan untuk kepentingan pembelajaran yang meliputi memahami landasan pendidikan, menerapkan teori belajar dan pembelajaran, menentukan strategi pembelajaran berdasarkan karakteristik peserta didik, kompetensi yang ingin dicapai, dan materi ajar, serta menyusun rancangan pembelajaran berdasarkan strategi yang dipilih.Melaksanakan pembelajaran yang meliputi menata latar ( setting) pembelajaran dan melaksanakan pembelajaran yang kondusif.Merancang dan melaksanakan evaluasi pembelajaran yang meliputi merancang dan melaksanakan evaluasi (assessment) proses dan hasil belajar secara berkesinambungan dengan berbagai metode,menganalisis hasil evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar untuk menentukan tingkat ketuntasan belajar (mastery level), dan memanfaatkan hasil penilaian pembelajaran untuk perbaikan kualitas program pembelajaran secara umum.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand image on brand equity among young consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Data from 200 young consumers were analysed using descriptive, correlation and multiple regression analysis via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer programme version 21. Findings – Empirical results via multiple regressions authenticated that brand awareness predominantly affects brand equity among young consumers. These young consumers get input and awareness of the particular product or brand from the social media. They can clearly recognize the particular product or brand in comparison to competing products or brands and know how it looks and its characteristics from the social media. Research limitations/implications – Respondents were randomly drawn from the population of the full time students in a public university in Malaysia. Consequently, they may not represent the entire population of Malaysia. Practical implications – Input regarding the effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand image on brand equity among young consumers would help marketers and practitioners to formulate strategies to enhance their brand equity in order to obtain competitive advantage and business sustainability, particularly among young consumer markets. Originality/value – Empirical findings offer academic contributions to the existing body of knowledge of consumer behaviour as the sophisticated quantitative data analyses used will eventually allow future researchers to explicate the contribution of the current study to understand the importance of brand equity among young consumers in Malaysia.

This study is specifically designed to measure the effectiveness of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) on the students’ scientific attitude and achievement in Natural Science among Junior school students in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. This quasi experiment involved some 215 Form VII students from three public schools, segregated based on their existing cognitive abilities. The CTL materials was developed by applying RANGKA strategy. Overall, the findings revealed that there is significant difference exist across experimental groups in terms of students’ achievement. However, there is no significant difference in terms of scientific attitude. These findings contribute significant implications for the enhancement of scientific thinking skills among various students’ capabilities and different categories of school. Contextual teaching strategy is found appropriate in achieving the above dimensions in heterogeneous schools. This is due to the fact that the RANGKA contextual learning strategy as developed in this study focuses on the right way for students to learn.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl (Thymelaceae) is commonly known as 'Crown of God', 'Mahkota Dewa', and 'Pau'. It originates from Papua Island, Indonesia and it grows in tropical areas. Empirically, it is potent in treating the hypertensive, diabetic, cancer and diuretic patients. It has a long history of ethnopharmacological usage, and the lack of information about its biological activities led us to investigate the possible biological activities by characterisation of flavonoids and antimicrobial activity of various part of P. macrocarpa against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results showed that kaempferol, myricetin, naringin, and rutin were the major flavonoids present in the pericarp while naringin and quercetin were found in the mesocarp and seed. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of different parts of P. macrocarpa fruit showed a weak ability to moderate antibacterial activity against pathogenic tested bacteria (inhibition range: 0.93-2.17 cm) at concentration of 0.3 mg/disc. The anti fungi activity was only found in seed extract against Aspergillus niger (1.87 cm) at concentration of 0.3 mg/well. From the results obtained, P. macrocarpa fruit could be considered as a natural antimicrobial source due to the presence of flavonoid compounds.

Given an n ‐normed space with n ≥ 2, we offer a simple way to derive an ( n − 1)‐norm from the n ‐norm and realize that any n ‐normed space is an ( n − 1)‐normed space. We also show that, in certain cases, the ( n − 1)‐norm can be derived from the n ‐norm in such a way that the convergence and completeness in the n ‐norm is equivalent to those in the derived ( n − 1)‐norm. Using this fact, we prove a fixed point theorem for some n ‐Banach spaces.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Blended Learning (BL) and Project-Based Learning (Pj-BL) on the pre-service teachers’ creative thinking in learning biology. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study with 76 biology education students as research subjects. In its implementation, the experimental class was taught using the BL and Pj-BL approach, the control class is conventional class. The parameters are creative thinking with 4 indicators. Data was collected using pretest and posttest assessments. Data is presented and analyzed descriptively. The results of the study were overall the average score of creative thinking of pre-service teachers in the experimental class was 91 with an N-gain index of 0.62, higher than in the control class (76) with an N-gain index of 0.51. From the results, it could be concluded that Blended Learning and Project-Based Learning are quite influential in increasing the creative thinking ability of pre-service biology teachers, and BL and Pj-BL is quite more effective than conventional in increasing the pre-service teachers’ creative thinking in biology learning.

Permasalahan pendidikan saat ini salah satunya ialah proses pembelajaran yang lemah. Proses pembelajaran umumnya masih berfokus pada guru sebagai sumber utama pengetahuan (Kadir, 2013). Proses pembelajaran merupakan salah satu kunci untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan. Kebanyakan siswa menganggap mata pelajaran yang dijelaskan di sekolah itu sulit sehigga tidak jarang seorang siswa sudah terlebih dahulu merasa kurang mampu untuk mempelajarinya (Sakkashiri, 1991). Hal tersebut bisa saja terjadi dikarenakan oleh kegiatan pembelajaran yang menggunakan metode teacher-centered yang tidak dapat menarik perhatian siswa karena siswa tidak tertarik dan bosan. Keadaan ini akan merugikan terhadap keberhasilan siswa bila tidak segera dibenahi (Manalu dkk., 2016).

Abstract In this paper, widely accepted methods of hydrotalcite preparation such as co‐precipitation, urea hydrolysis, hydrothermal, sol–gel, microwave irradiation, steam activation and solvothermal have been selected and reviewed. Our review indicates that the nature of the divalent cations, the synthesis method, the calcination temperature and the nature of the interlayer species are determinant factors in shaping the surface properties of the layered double hydoxides. The basic strength of the surface base site and structural changes produced in the mixed oxides can be adjusted conveniently by varying the Al content during the synthesis. The combination of sol–gel with microwave irradiation during the gelling and crystallization steps has also been found to increase the surface area of the hydrotalcite‐like compound. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to know whether organizational citizenship behavior mediates the effects of personality, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted in the city of Makassar with the entire population being lecturer with the status from a permanent lecturer foundation. By using the Slovin formula, a sample of 295 respondents was obtained. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used as an inferential statistical analysis technique to test the hypothesis of the research. Findings The results of the study found the mediating effect (indirect effect) of variable organizational citizenship behavior was found in between personality, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on performance, which thus indicates that the higher the personality, organizational commitment and job satisfaction the higher the performance, and if mediated, organizational citizenship behavior is also higher. Originality/value Organizational citizenship behavior research has been conducted on student classroom and career success. Additionally, organizational citizenship behavior has been researched for a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature, which has provided suggestions for future research. Thereby, on paper originality the variables shown to be used are personality, organization commitment, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and performance. Furthermore, the method used in this research is the SEM. The investigation was performed at two private colleges in Indonesian Muslim University and Muhammadiyah University Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, where no studies were conducted on the same topic previously.

Binderless activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) with high porosity that were prepared from self-adhesive pre-carbonized rubber wood sawdust were studied as electrodes for supercapacitors, focusing on the influence of activation time on the physical and electrochemical properties of the ACMs. The ACMs were activated under a flow of CO2 gas at a rate of 0.5 liters per minute and at a temperature of 900 oC. Activation time varied from 1 to 6 hours and with a multi-step heating profile. The ACM was characterized physically (density, porosity, structure and surface morphology) and electrochemically (specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy and power density). This study found that the combined effects from the length of activation time, binderless property and multi-step heating had the greatest influence on the physical and electrochemical properties of the ACM. The optimum ACM was activated for 5 hours and had a specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy and power density of 138 F g-1, 0.49 Ohm, 2.63 Wh kg-1 and 291 W kg-1, respectively.

The world is shaken as the Covid-19 pandemic. All aspects of human life feel the consequences, including the education. School activity is replaced by online learning at home and teachers is now sharing the burden of teaching with parents. Facing this situation, parents should be able to play a role as children's learning companions at home. In fact, not all parents are ready for this new task. This research aims to find out more about the parental engagement in children's online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Research conducted in Riau province with 148 samples of parents from the first and second grade of elementary school students, who filled the online questionnaire. The design used in this study is a converging design, simultaneously collecting quantitative and qualitative data, combining the data, comparing the results, and explaining all descriptions in the results. The result shows that parental engagement in supervising the children study time is 81,7%, parent role in accompanying children in learning is 80,4%, supervising children study time is 71,8%, recognizing children learning difficulties 69% and providing learning facilities 64.8%. It can be concluded that most of the parents are engaged in children online learning activities, although there are still those who have obstacles and difficulties in dividing time, attention and explaining the lesson to childrens.

Aim/Purpose: This study aims to investigate the perceptions and motivations of state senior high school teachers in rural districts in Indonesia towards ICT use in learning activities. Background: In 2013, Indonesian government launched an ICT-based curriculum known as 2013 Curriculum. According to this curriculum, ICT must be integrated into all subjects as learning resources and media. Even though there are growing numbers of research investigating teacher perceptions and motivation to ICT use in teaching and learning process, little has focused on teachers in rural districts in Indonesia. Research on ICT use in education in Indonesia generally focuses on teachers in urban areas. Methodology: The data of this study were collected through a set of questionnaires administered to 616 senior high school teachers from four rural districts in Indonesia. The questionnaire reliability was analyzed using the Cronbach Alpha with the help of SPSS software. The percentage was mainly used in the descriptive analysis. Whereas, Mann-Whitney U-test was used for inferential statistics as the data were not normally distributed. Contribution: Even though this study has limitation related to sample size, the results contribute to the existing theory and practice related to ICT integration in Indonesia. This study could be an incentive for improving readiness of teachers in rural areas regarding ICT use in learning activities. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the teachers had a good level of perception and motivation toward ICT integration in learning activities. However, they still faced with several issues related to facilities and technical expertise. Recommendations for Practitioners: The school principals together with related parties in the Education Office have to work together in designing IT training programs for teachers so that they have more knowledge and skills related to the use of ICT in teaching and learning activities and at the same time they can increase their confidence in using ICT. The government as a policy-maker should provide financial support for the schools to adequately provide ICT equipment needed in schools, as well as to prepare the necessary facilities and infrastructure. Recommendation for Researchers: In terms of ICT use in learning activities, more research needs to be done on the relationship between the use of ICT and students’ attainment in rural districts context. Impact on Society: This study suggests that teachers in rural districts in Indonesia have good perceptions of ICT integration in learning activities. However, to apply ICT-based curriculum as expected by the government, it is important for teachers to continue improving their ability and enriching their knowledge related to the use of ICT through training, both held by schools or other institutions so that teachers can vary their teaching methods or teaching strategies. Future Research: Further research may address how the use of ICT in learning activities affects students’ attainment in rural district context.

Blood clam or cockle (Anadara granosa) shell is a type of marine by-product that can be used to replace aggregate or cement partially in concrete. In this research, the ground cockle seashell was used as a partial cement replacement. The ground seashells were prepared by burning, crushing, grinding and filtering the cockle using no #200 sieve. The mechanical properties studied were compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of seashell concrete. These properties were compared with those of a control Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Based on the trial mixes using the ground seashell with proportion of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by weight of cement, the optimum compressive strength was achieved for the mix that replaced cement by 4%. The seashell concrete yielded less compressive strength and modulus elasticity compared to the OPC concrete. It is noted that the tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than those of the OPC concrete, which is advantageous to increase concrete tension properties.

The phenomenon of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 currently emphasizes rapid technological advances. There is a need for innovation in technology development to package the current learning process more effectively, one of which is the development of learning media which is an important part of the learning process and is certainly directed at meaningful learning that encourages students to develop 21st Century skills as an urgency in the field of education. This study aims to 1) Develop interactive learning media with an articulate storyline based on a case method on cellular respiration material. 2) Look at students' responses to the interactive learning media articulate storyline based on the case method on cellular respiration material in training students' problem-solving skills. This research is a Research and Development (R & D). The development model in this study uses the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model, this research was carried out until the Development stage. The instruments used in this study were an open questionnaire sheet, material aspect validation sheet, media aspect validation sheet and pedagogic aspect validation sheet. The analytical technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis technique and quantitative analysis by finding the average score obtained from the validator's assessment and looking at the criteria. The results of this study obtained a very valid interactive learning media with a score of 3.9 material expert validators in the very valid category, 3.69 media expert validators in the very valid category, pedagogical expert validators of 3.47 in the valid category. It can be concluded that the articulate storyline interactive learning media based on the case method developed can improve students' problem-solving abilities.

The science learning material about Environmental Pollution and Global Warming in Junior High School is very much related to the latest environmental issues. This study aims to examine the relationship between Environmental literacy with thinking skills, actions, and sensitivity to environmental issues through the implementation of Local Environmental Problem Based Learning for Student Worksheets. The survey method was used in this study, followed up by a quasi-experimental design pretest-posttest. Samples of this study were 372 students in three junior high schools located in areas affected by forest fires. Research instruments were in the form of tests, to measure ecological knowledge, and questionnaires that were adapted from the Middle School Environmental Literacy Survey (MSELS), to measure cognitive skills, actions, and sensitivity to the environment. Before being used, questionnaires and tests adapted from MSELS were tested on 35 respondents with a reliability test α = 0.68 and a questionnaire α = 0.88. Correlations between two variables were analyzed using Path-Analysis with AMOS 23 software. The results of the study showed that there was a direct correlation between ecological knowledge and increased thinking skills. Knowledge is indirectly correlated with action (β = 0.01, t = 1.07, p> 0.05) and sensitivity (β = 0.00, t = -0.38, p> 0.05). Knowledge (β = 0.12, t = 10.43, p <0.001) correlates directly to thinking skills and acts as a mediator between knowledge, action, and sensitivity to the environment. The result of the effectiveness test of Local Environment-Problem Based Learning (LE-PBL) student worksheets using the pretest-posttest design showed that LE-PBL is effective in increasing the environmental literacy of students, with N-gain value of 0.2 in the control class and N-gain of 0.4 in the experimental class. The implementation of learning resources in the form of LE-PBL student worksheets strengthens students’ environmental literacy in identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and planning actions and sensitivity to local and global environmental issues.

Citrus plants are known to possess beneficial biological activities for human health. In addition, ethnopharmacological application of plants is a good tool to explore their bioactivities and active compounds. This research was carried out to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid analysis, antioxidant properties, anti inflammatory and anti cancer activity of Citrus aurantium bloom. The total phenolics and flavonoids results revealed that methanolic extract contained high total phenolics and flavonoids compared to ethanolic and boiling water extracts. The obtained total phenolics value for methanolic Citrus aurantium bloom extract was 4.55 ± 0.05 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), and for total flavonoids it was 3.83 ± 0.05 mg rutin equivalent/g DW. In addition, the RP-HPLC analyses of phenolics and flavonoids indicated the presence of gallic acid, pyrogallol, syringic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin and naringin as bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium bloom were examined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP). The free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power activities were higher for the methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium bloom at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, with values of 55.3% and 51.7%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding boiling water and ethanolic extracts, but the activities were lower than those of antioxidant standards such as BHT and α-tocopherol. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory result of methanolic extract showed appreciable reduction in nitric oxide production of stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at the presence of plant extract. Apart from that, the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract was investigated in vitro against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7; MDA-MB-231), human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and Chang cell as a normal human hepatocyte. The obtained result demonstrated the moderate to appreciable activities against all cell line tested and the compounds present in the extracts are non-toxic which make them suitable as potential therapeutics.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of random forest classification rule using object based image analysis (OBIA) application (eCognition Developer) and the results were compared with common pixel-based classification algorithm (maximum likelihood/ML) for mangrove land cover mapping in Kembung River, Bengkalis Island, Indonesia. Seven data input model derived from Landsat 5TM bands, ALOS PALSAR FBD, and spectral transformations (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI) were examined by both classifiers. Feature objects statistical parameters were selected and implemented on random forest classifier. Overall accuracy (OA) as well as user and producer accuracies and Kappa statistic were used to compare classification results. Our results showed that the more data model used produced higher overall accuracy and kappa statistics for RF classifier. For each data input model, random forest classifier has higher overall accuracy than maximum likelihood. The best mangrove discrimination in RF classifier was achieved when the combination of Landsat 5 TM, SAR, and spectral transformation were used, while in ML classifier, the best mangrove discrimination was achieved when the combination of Landsat 5 TM and ALOS PALSAR was used. The overall accuracy achieved by RF classifier was 81.1% and 0.76 for Kappa statistic. Meanwhile, for ML classifier, the overall accuracy achieved was 77.7% and 0.71 for Kappa statistic.

Purpose This study aims to analyze the inhibiting factors of small and medium enterprises (SMEs’) technology innovation, supporting institutions for SMEs technology innovation development, SMEs’ technology innovation development model and strategies for developing SMEs in technology innovation. Design/methodology/approach This is a mixed-method research project conducted through a survey of SMEs in Riau Province, Sumatera Indonesia (primarily in the districts of Siak, Kampar and Pelalawan) from April to July 2019. SMEs that have been operating for at least five years were chosen purposively as samples. Based on the requirement, there are 277 entities used in this study. A focus group discussion (FGD) was also conducted to formulate SME models and development strategies in technological innovation. In addition, in-depth interviews and observations were also carried out on technological innovations undertaken by respondents. Findings It was found that there are five inhibiting factors of SMEs’ technology innovation: government support, quality of human resources, funding of technological innovation, economic conditions and business partners. The biggest inhibiting factor remains to be the funding of technological innovation. Therefore SMEs provide independent technological innovation costs to develop technological innovations for business sustainability. Supporting institutions for developing SME technology innovation consist of government institutions, private institutions, financial institutions (banks) and nonbank financial institutions. To survive and excel amid competition, SMEs need to pay attention to technological innovation. The business strategy that needs to be done is to improve services to consumers and improve their attitude toward innovation in the implementation and development of SMEs’ businesses. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to research on the inhibiting factors for SME technology innovation from the aspect of the production sector. This research has not studied various business fields in the trade, service and digital SME sectors. Future studies can reveal factors inhibiting SME technological innovation, except production aspects and various SME business fields. In addition, this study has not analyzed the cost of technological innovation provided by SMEs. Therefore, future studies could also reveal the large costs of technological innovation provided by SMEs. Originality/value This research investigates barriers hindering the SMEs’ technological innovations in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia as a maritime country. It also formulates strategies to reduce the barriers to SME’s technological innovation and contributes to the development of knowledge of technological innovations in SMEs. Moreover, this paper involves investigating government support from a nonfinancial aspect. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this aspect has not been much discussed by studies on innovation at SMEs till now.