Secretaria da Educação

Conservation initiatives overwhelmingly focus on terrestrial biodiversity, and little is known about the freshwater cobenefits of terrestrial conservation actions. We sampled more than 1500 terrestrial and freshwater species in the Amazon and simulated conservation for species from both realms. Prioritizations based on terrestrial species yielded on average just 22% of the freshwater benefits achieved through freshwater-focused conservation. However, by using integrated cross-realm planning, freshwater benefits could be increased by up to 600% for a 1% reduction in terrestrial benefits. Where freshwater biodiversity data are unavailable but aquatic connectivity is accounted for, freshwater benefits could still be doubled for negligible losses of terrestrial coverage. Conservation actions are urgently needed to improve the status of freshwater species globally. Our results suggest that such gains can be achieved without compromising terrestrial conservation goals.

Social distancing measures have been widely adopted to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the timing of measures' implementation, scope, and duration in relation to their impact. The study aimed to describe the social distancing measures implemented by Brazil's states and the Federal District, including the types of measures and the timing of their implementation. This is a descriptive study of the measures' type, chronological and epidemiological timing of the implementation, and scope. The survey of measures used searches in official websites of the government departments and each state's Government Register. The official number of COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained from an official a data platform. We considered the following categories of social distancing measures: suspension of events, school closure, quarantine of risk groups, economic lockdown (partial or full), restrictions on transportation, and quarantine of the population. The implementation's timing considered both the chronological date and the epidemiological timing, based on the time since the 10th case or 1st death from COVID-19 in each state. All the states implemented distancing measures, mostly during the latter half of March 2020. Economic lockdown was implemented early, prior to the 10th case by 67% of the states and prior to the 1st death from COVID-19 by 89% of the states. Early social distancing measures were widely implemented in Brazil, before or in the initial phase of the exponential growth curve of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the great majority of states.

Que disciplinas, que temas, que autores e que obras devem compor o currículo na formação inicial do professor de Geografia é uma discussão salutar, porque o resultado disso tem consequências na formação de profissionais para atuarem na educação básica. Nesse sentido, este texto elenca como problema a desarticulação curricular entre os conteúdos específicos e os didático-pedagógicos nos cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia das universidades federais da Região Centro-Oeste com ênfase nas disciplinas de epistemologia. Com isso, o objetivo é fazer uma análise de temas, autores e obras que possibilitam uma formação integrada para o exercício da docência. A metodologia adotada foi a análise dos Projetos Pedagógicos de Curso, especialmente nas disciplinas de epistemologia da Geografia. Organizamos em tabela e quadros a distribuição dessas disciplinas, autores e obras indicadas como referência básica para posterior análise. Como considerações, os dados apontam que as disciplinas analisadas reservam pouco espaço para uma formação com base numa articulação curricular por meio de temas de ensino em Geografia e da Prática como Componente Curricular.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a disturbing experience of proximity to death. As the pandemic goes on, the mixed experience of loss of a close family or friends added to the unpredictability of economic changes and the social isolation can elicit negative manifestations of affection, and psychological distress. The whole experience negatively affects individuals with or without previous mental health disorders. Objective: The present study is a cohort aimed to analyze the effect of the salience of mortality during the covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of a sample of the Brazilian population. Method: 9,024 Brazilians were evaluated based on the data collection performed through the online Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), during the social isolation period. Participants were divided into four groups, G1 (2,256) without previous history of mental disorders (MD), G2 (2,256) with a previous history of MD and both no loss of family or friends due to direct effect of SARS-COV2 infection, G3 (2256) with a previous history of MD and without a loss and G4 (2256), with a prior MD and reported a loss of family or friend due to direct effect of SARS-COV2 infection. The group data was analyzed using the covariance analysis - ANCOVA. Results: The loss of a family member or friend due to direct effect of SARS-COV2 infection amplifies psychological distress. This effect seems to be dramatically increased in individuals with a previous history of mental disorders. The population with loss should be target of mitigation actions to minimize the pandemic effects.

A pandemia de COVID-19 impôs uma nova ordem, um outro ritmo para a humanidade. O nosso cotidiano mudou e a escola tem tentado se ressignificar. A proposta deste artigo é apresentar alguns desafios e possibilidades da educação em tempos de pandemia e suscitar diálogos e reflexões sobre ensino remoto, educação a distância, educação online e sobre as potencialidades do uso das tecnologias digitais em rede para a formação de pessoas críticas, criativas, autônomas, autoras, em um tempo que o exercício da cidadania se impõe. Consideramos que as tecnologias da informação e comunicação, as plataformas virtuais de aprendizagem, as redes sociais devem ser vistos como propulsores da criação de novas relações com a informação, com o tempo, com o espaço, consigo mesmo e com os outros. Em tempos de pandemia, mais do que nunca, a educação é convocada a se singularizar, a se reinventar buscando outras possibilidades pelo uso das tecnologias digitais e pela habitação nos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. O artigo apresenta, também, a experiência dos cursos online do Centro Juvenil de Ciência e Cultura de Vitória da Conquista-Bahia, escola pública de educação complementar vinculada à Secretaria de Educação do Estado Bahia.

Partindo de uma análise de dados referentes à matrícula no ensino fundamental e médio, o artigo argúi que a universalização do ensino fundamental, processo ainda não inteiramente concluído, representa mudança de qualidade na dinâmica das contradições educacionais no Brasil. Se, de um lado, é processo de amplo sentido democratizador, por meio do qual parcelas da população historicamente alijadas progridam no interior do sistema de ensino, por outro, faz com que os processos de diferenciação social e de exclusão mudem de qualidade e de lugar. Emerge daí a crescente importância do debate acerca da qualidade de ensino como componente do direito à educação.

Pretende aprimorar uma proposta de análise dos sentidos presentes no discurso, já publicada em 2006 pelos mesmos autores. Na primeira parte, é destacada a importância do referencial teórico e metodológico, no caso o da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, e suas implicações para a apreensão dos sentidos. Para isso, discute algumas categorias, como mediação, historicidade, sentido e significado. Na segunda parte, é retomada a proposta já feita dos núcleos de significação como meio de se apreender os sentidos, mas à luz de novas reflexões e teorizações. Para ilustrar a forma de proceder à análise, um novo exemplo é apresentado, sendo que, nesse processo, foi possível avançar tanto no que se refere aos procedimentos de análise de material discursivo quanto na teorização essencial a todo o processo.

Depois de definido o pano de fundo histórico‑político da pergunta que adopta como título, o texto começa por analisar a situação presente, debruçando‑se, em seguida, sobre as condições que tornam viável uma resposta prudentemente afirmativa a essa pergunta e concluindo por uma especificação de algumas das áreas em que uma relação entre o direito e a emancipação social se afigura mais urgentemente necessária e possível.

Como um dos elementos estruturantes da transformação do papel do Estado na oferta e gestão da educação, tem-se a discussão e implantação da noção de quase-mercado, desde as décadas de 1980 e 1990, especialmente nos Estados Unidos e Inglaterra, cujas iniciativas têm sido referência para diversos países. Utilizando a noção de quase-mercado, neste texto apresenta-se como expressão de um continuum de formas organizacionais que vão do mercado puro à gestão e financiamento estatal da educação, apresenta-se uma análise de características que têm estado presentes, de modo dominante, na concepção e condução de avaliações dos sistemas e instituições de ensino no Brasil. Procura-se evidenciar que a adoção de uma lógica competitiva como promotora de qualidade, articulada à implantação de incentivos, tende a produzir resultados socialmente injustos.

Abstract A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of miscarriages in a population of 360 women distributed in areas exposer to higher and lower vehicle traffic air pollution on the Island of São Luís, MA, Brazil, and identify associated variables. Participants were interviewed and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. The overall miscarriage prevalence was of 15.83%, totaling 25.56% (n=180) in the higher exposure area and 6.11% (n=180) in the lower exposure area. Maternal alcohol consumption (OR=3.11), STIs during pregnancy (OR=2.74), living in a high-exposure area (OR=8.32), having suffered physical or psychological distress during pregnancy (OR=4.25) and repeated miscarriages (OR=39.11) were all associated to the miscarriage outcome. The findings reported herein thus indicate potential vehicle traffic air pollution contribution as a risk factor in the etiology of miscarriages.

With the aim of starting to inculcate Scientific Literacy in the initial series of the Elementary School, we propose a form of science teaching which induces the students to work with and discuss problems involving natural phenomena and the implications that this entails for society and the environment. With the aim, we present a qualitative study realizes after the applications of a didactical sequence in science in the third grade of Elementary School. The sequence was planned with the objective of allowing the students to work actively in the process of construction their knowledge of the world, as well as propitiating discussion of the benefits and prejudicial effects of science and related technology for society and environment. We establish relations between the use of a didactical sequence in science and the acquisition of scientific literacy, with that aim we analyse the students argumentation, looking for indicators which can show us whether the process of acquiring scientific literacy is beginning.

No estado de São Paulo, no ano de 2006, foram implantadas mais de 500 Escolas de Tempo Integral (ETIs), no ensino fundamental da rede pública estadual, com o objetivo de ampliar as possibilidades de aprendizagem dos alunos. A jornada discente foi estendida e o currículo básico foi incrementado com as oficinas curriculares. Este artigo analisa a correlação entre os objetivos arrolados pela política educacional e os dados da experiência concreta, a fim de compreender os avanços, desafios e limites da proposição de uma educação pública de melhor qualidade, a partir da Escola de Tempo Integral. Trabalhou-se com dados coletados em um estudo de caso, analisado à luz das referências de Teixeira (1977), Gramsci (2004), Manacorda (1990), Paro (1988) e Cavaliere e Coelho (2002). Dentre suas principais conclusões, pode-se afirmar que a extensão da jornada discente não pode ser apenas uma questão de ampliação de tempo, mas de uma organização escolar que contemple e qualifique as atividades obrigatórias e as atividades de livre escolha do aluno.

Available techniques for monitoring the health situation have proven insufficient, thus leading to a discussion of the need for their improvement based on new data collection strategies allowing for data use by local health systems. This article presents the methodological basis for a strategy to monitor health problems utilizing demarcated intra-urban spaces called "sentinel areas" to collect fundamental social, economic, behavioral, and biological data for public health that allow for a closer approach to the reality of complex social spaces. The authors present an experience that is being developed in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, to evaluate the epidemiological impact of an environmental sanitation program. They discuss selection criteria for the areas and the potential uses of this strategy allowing for the rapid utilization of epidemiological resources by health services and the timely application of the results to reorient and enhance health intervention practices.

Prisional health is, in its essence, public health. The COVID-19 pandemic poses a great threat to the world and has shown that preventing the disease escalation in prisons integrates the novel corona virus clash in society in general. Up to this moment, the most effective known measure to curb the disease spread is social isolation. Nevertheless, in penal institutions, often overcrowded, social isolation becomes difficult to carry out and, when it happens, it takes the enclosed population to overisolation, with consequences to their mental health. Besides, prisoners suffer with clogged up environment, lack of materials for personal hygiene, poor basic sanitary conditions and difficulties in accessing health services. This paper deals with a narrative review on the pandemic effects in prisons and how government and civil society have organized themselves in order to reduce the disease consequences at those places. The text has been divided into three sections: the first with literature review on the current health theme; the second discusses how different countries have been dealing with the prison situation in the pandemic context, and, the last part focuses on how the Brazilian Penal System has reacted to the new disease.

The Erythrinidae family (Teleostei: Characiformes) is a small Neotropical fish group with a wide distribution throughout South America, where Hoplias malabaricus corresponds to the most widespread and cytogenetically studied taxon. This species possesses significant genetic variation, as well as huge karyotype diversity among populations, as reflected by its seven major karyotype forms (i.e. karyomorphs A-G) identified up to now. Although morphological differences in their bodies are not outstanding, H. malabaricus karyomorphs are easily identified by differences in 2n, morphology and size of chromosomes, as well as by different evolutionary steps of sex chromosomes development. Here, we performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to analyse both the intra- and inter-genomic status in terms of repetitive DNA divergence among all but one (E) H. malabaricus karyomorphs.Our results indicated that they have close relationships, but with evolutionary divergences among their genomes, yielding a range of non-overlapping karyomorph-specific signals. Besides, male-specific regions were uncovered on the sex chromosomes, confirming their differential evolutionary trajectories. In conclusion, the hypothesis that H. malabaricus karyomorphs are result of speciation events was strengthened.

Deforestation is a major threat globally, but especially in tropical regions because they are biodiversity strongholds and carbon storehouses. Some studies have reported changes in species richness and composition in lotic ecosystems with increased forest-loss in their catchment, presumably resulting from the replacement of sensitive taxa by more resistant or tolerant taxa. Also, sensitive taxa respond to deforestation in a non-linear manner and fish and macroinvertebrates have different sensitivities to landscape pressures. Therefore, it is useful to determine the effects of forest-loss on widespread sensitive or threshold taxa in aquatic ecosystems. We used Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) to assess forest-loss and land use history impacts in 92 eastern Amazonian stream sites. We determined TITAN peak-change thresholds for fish at 1% and 6% of forest-loss at total-catchment and local-riparian spatial extents, respectively, and at 2% and 40% of land-use intensity change at total-catchment and local-riparian spatial extents, respectively. For macroinvertebrates, TITAN peak-change thresholds were 1% and 11% of forest loss at total-catchment and local-riparian spatial extents, respectively, and at 3% of land-use intensity change for both total-catchment and local-riparian spatial extents. Because of these thresholds, inherent ecoregional variability and key literature, we have three major recommendations. 1) Logging should be prohibited in riparian reserves that are at least 100-m wide on each side of headwater streams and in a network of catchments across all biomes and as many landscape types as possible. 2) An ecologically and statistically rigorous monitoring program with standard methods should be implemented to assess and regulate land uses better. 3) Conservation planning areas should consider aquatic biota as well as terrestrial biota.

This study assessed the prevalence of overweight in public school first graders and the association between overweight and socio-environmental factors in a city in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil. Children enrolling in public school first grade in Cajamar in 2005 were assessed. Overweight was defined according to body mass index, by gender and age. Socio-environmental information was obtained using a questionnaire applied to 58.6% of the children's mothers. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate associations between overweight in schoolchildren and socio-environmental variables. Seventeen percent of the children were overweight. Factors associated with overweight were: mother's obesity (PR = 3.54; CI: 2.16-5.80), high consumption of junk food (PR = 2.12; CI: 1.30-3.45), more than 4 hours a day watching TV (PR = 2.08; CI: 1.03-4.20), and daily household per capita availability of vegetal oil (around 3 tablespoons) (PR = 1.52; CI: 1.01-2.31). The family environment has a strong influence on overweight in children entering first grade in public schools. Prevention of childhood overweight should preferably target the parents and other caregivers.

Este artigo investiga a existência de um possível incentivo adverso à oferta de trabalho (participação no mercado e jornada) das mães beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família. Utiliza-se o procedimento de propensity score matching para encontrar mães não atendidas pelo programa comparáveis às mães atendidas, a partir de três grupos de controle. Os resultados apontam a existência de um efeito-renda associado ao valor do benefício, uma vez que quanto maior a transferência recebida, menor o engajamento da mãe no mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, o efeito líquido de ser beneficiário do programa é positivo, indicando a existência de um efeito-substituição, provavelmente decorrente da redução da oferta de trabalho dos filhos, da maior disponibilidade de tempo das mães para trabalhar ou mesmo do estigma em participar do programa.

Ao problematizar as políticas e gestão atuais para a educação básica e superior, o artigo enfoca os novos marcos regulatórios do processo expansionista e analisa as políticas direcionadas à formação de professores, com especial realce para a educação a distância no setor público. Nessa direção, apresenta e analisa alguns indicadores educacionais e busca apreender, no campo das políticas propostas pelo MEC, o papel da " Nova CAPES" como espaço de regulação das políticas de formação de professores, enfatizando a expansão pública, na modalidade EaD, por meio dos desafios da consolidação da Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB).

Background: The beneficial relationship between physical fitness and cognitive performance is affected and modulated by a wide diversity of factors that seem to be more sensitive during the development stage, particularly during early adolescence. This study aimed to examine the role of physical fitness considering the multivariate association between age, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), school vulnerability index (SVI), body mass index z-score (BMIz), physical activity, and sleep problems with the cognitive performance in boys and girls. Method: Participants were 1,196 adolescents aged 10–14 years (50.7% of boys) from Chile. Three physical fitness components and eight cognitive tasks were measured. BMIz was determined using growth references by age and sex, whereas questionaries were used to assess sleep problems, physical activity, and HRQOL. SVI was established according to the score given by the Chilean Government to educational establishments. We performed a structural equation model (SEM) to test multivariate associations among study' variables by sex. Results: Fitness was positively associated with boys' and girls' cognitive performance (β = 0.23 and β = 0.17; p = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, fitness presented a significant mediator role in the relationships between BMIz, SVI, and physical activity with cognitive performance (indirect effect). Additionally, SVI showed a negative association both direct and indirect effect in all three fitness components and all cognitive tasks, being this relationship stronger in girls than in boys. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that physical fitness and all its components play a crucial mediator role in the associations between several factors associated with adolescents' cognitive performance. Thereby, educational and health strategies should prioritise improving physical fitness through physical activity. They also should address other factors such as school vulnerability, obesity, and the early gender gap in a comprehensive approach boosting cognitive performance among early adolescents. Trial registration: Research Registry (ID: researchregistry5791).