Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur les Amériques

International audience

International audience

The purpose of this paper is to address three major shortcomings of Sen's capability approach with regard to sustainability: (i) First, the weakness of the ecological dimension of the capability framework. This can be overcome by devising a place where it is possible to relate the intrinsic and instrumental values of Nature; (ii) Second, the issue of responsibility, which is only considered from a consequentialist viewpoint by Sen (i.e. ex-post responsibility). Such a restrictive view can be extended by adding the ex-ante dimension of responsibility; (iii) Third, the relationship between the individual and collective levels. This can be overcome by introducing the idea of collective agency. Overcoming these limitations makes it possible to fully integrate the ecological dimension into an extended vision of the capability approach which makes it consistent with strong sustainability, and which leads to a new definition of the agent as a responsible person acting so as to generate sustainable human development.

Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo.

Abstract The 2015 Paris agreement represents a deep-rooted change in global climate governance. While existing scholarly assessments highlight central institutional features of the Paris shift, they tend to overlook its symbolic and discursive dimensions. Our analysis shows that the Paris architecture combines two core elements: an iterative pledge and review process to stimulate global climate action, and a ‘performative’ narrative aimed at aligning actors’ expectations on the prospect of a low-carbon future. We therefore suggest calling it an incantatory system of governance. We then examine the origins of the new approach and find that the rise of ‘soft law’ approaches and communicative techniques in global climate governance are both indicative of a broader process: the entry of management culture in international organisations. Against this backdrop, we examine the prospects, limitations and caveats of the new approach and discuss its wider implications for global politics.

Hydrogen sorption properties of ultrasmall Pd nanoparticles (2.5 nm) embedded in a mesoporous carbon template have been determined and compared to those of the bulk system. Downsizing the Pd particle size introduces significant modifications of the hydrogen sorption properties. The total amount of stored hydrogen is decreased compared to bulk Pd. The hydrogenation of Pd nanoparticles induces a phase transformation from fcc to icosahedral structure, as proven by in situ XRD and EXAFS measurements. This phase transition is not encountered in bulk because the 5-fold symmetry is nontranslational. The kinetics of desorption from hydrogenated Pd nanoparticles is faster than that of bulk, as demonstrated by TDS investigations. Moreover, the presence of Pd nanoparticles embedded in CT strongly affects the desorption from physisorbed hydrogen, which occurs at higher temperature in the hybrid material compared to the pristine carbon template.

In greenhouse experiments, Aychade, a fragrant rice variety, was grown under one level of salt solution (EC of 3800 ± 400 μS·cm(-1)) sufficient to induce salt stress in rice. Timing and duration of salt solution application varied according to the growth stages. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), a characteristic flavor compound of fragrant rice as well as biogenetically related compounds, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were quantified. Salt treatments induced 2AP synthesis in the leaves, but the increase was often higher in the vegetative phase. This increase was correlated with proline level but not with that of GABA. Interestingly the grains from all the salt treated plants contained significantly higher levels of 2AP (733-998 μg·kg(-1)) than those from the control (592 μg·kg(-1)). The highest 2AP synthesis occurred when the plants were subjected to salt treatment during whole vegetative or reproductive phases. However in the latter case crop yield decreased significantly.

The consumption of whole grain foods is associated with many nutritional, health and weight control benefits. The present study assessed whole grain intake in France on the basis of a 7 d dietary survey in a representative sample of children, adolescents and adults (Comportements et Consommations Alimentaires en France 2010 survey). Special care was taken to identify and assess the intake of all whole grains. All foods consumed were considered, with no lower limit on whole grain content. For the majority of foods, details regarding the whole grain contents were obtained from brand information and quantitative nutrient declarations on food labels. Over half of the respondents reported never consuming any whole grain. In participants who did, consumption levels were very low (about 9·1 g/d in children and 14·4 g/d in adults). The main food sources of whole grains were breakfast cereals in children and adolescents and bread in adults. Consumers of whole grains had higher daily intakes of fibre and several vitamins and minerals than non-consumers. In adults but not in children, the OR for overweight/obesity decreased significantly as the level of whole grain consumption increased. Although a majority of French consumers comply with the national recommendation to consume a starchy food with each meal, they do so with minimal consumption of whole grain foods.

Local rural and indigenous communities have assumed increasing responsibility for conservation within and between areas buffering the impacts of agricultural or resource-extraction zones and protected areas. Empowering local communities as central partners in conservation and climate-change mitigation has allowed many people to gain access to land and citizenship rights but has provided limited improvements in access to social services and economic opportunities even as expectation about their role as environmental stewards grows. These expectations, however, are inconsistent with reality. We conducted multiple field studies in Brazil since the mid-1980s to illustrate the discrepancies between conservation programs and local conditions and expectations. We suggest that public policies and conservation programs should not delegate responsibility for managing protected areas to local and indigenous communities without considering local needs and expectations and locals' attitudes toward conservation. In other words, behavior that maintains or improves the environment should not be treated as traditional based on the expectations of outsiders. Framing local populations as traditional environmentalists creates contradictions and frustrations for local populations and for conservation professionals and policy makers.

In this paper, the problem of tracking desired longitudinal and lateral motions for a vehicle is addressed here. Let us point out that a “good” modeling is often quite difficult or even impossible to obtain. It is due for example to parametric uncertainties, for the vehicle mass, inertia or for the interaction forces between the wheels and the road pavement. To overcome this type of difficulties, we consider a model-free control approach leading to “intelligent” controllers. The longitudinal and the lateral motions, on one hand, and the driving/braking torques and the steering wheel angle, on the other hand, are respectively the output and the input variables. An important part of this paper is dedicated to present simulation results with actual data. Actual data, used in MATLAB as reference trajectories, have been previously recorded with an instrumented Peugeot 406 experimental car. The simulation results show the efficiency of our approach. Some comparisons with a nonlinear flatness-based control in one hand, and with a classical PID control in another hand confirm this analysis. Other virtual data have been generated through the interconnected platform SiVIC/RTMaps, which is a virtual simulation platform for prototyping and validation of advanced driving assistance systems.

Cet article est issu d'une enquête collective et a bénéficié de discussions aux séminaires de Bordeaux des 29 et 30 janvier et du 1er juillet 2019. Les questionnaires ont été passés par plus de 80 personnes. Ils ont été saisis puis codés, traités, et déposés par Camille Bedock, Pierre Blavier, Théo Grémion, Tinette Schnatterer, et Étienne Walker pour les informations géographiques. Une première version a été rédigée par Camille Bedock, Antoine Bernard de Raymond, Pierre Blavier, Magali Della Sudda, Théo Grémion, Emmanuelle Reungoat, Tinette Schnatterer et Étienne Walker, puis retravaillée collectivement.<br><br>Damien Larrouqué est post-doctorant à l’Institut des affaires publiques de l’université du Chili (projet Fondecyt no 3190155) et membre de l’Observatoire politique de l’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes (OPALC-CERI-Sciences Po).<br><br>Arsinée André - Volontaire en service civique.

Our study identified multiple novel loci associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, bringing the number of independent markers at genome-wide significance to 24. Genetic susceptibility markers, coupled with lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, could guide future preventive measures and screening strategies for bladder cancer. Genomic regions identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for bladder cancer risk provide new insights into etiology. To identify new susceptibility variants for bladder cancer in a meta-analysis of new and existing genome-wide genotype data. Data from 32 studies that includes 13,790 bladder cancer cases and 343, 502 controls of European ancestry were used for meta-analysis. Log-additive associations of genetic variants were assessed using logistic regression models. A fixed-effects model was used for meta-analysis of the results. Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate effect modification by sex and smoking status. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was generated on the basis of known and novel susceptibility variants and tested for interaction with smoking. Multiple novel bladder cancer susceptibility loci (6p.22.3, 7q36.3, 8q21.13, 9p21.3, 10q22.1, 19q13.33) as well as improved signals in three known regions (4p16.3, 5p15.33, 11p15.5) were identified, bringing the number of independent markers at genome-wide significance ( p < 5 × 10 −8 ) to 24. The 4p16.3 ( FGFR3/TACC3) locus was associated with a stronger risk for women than for men ( p-interaction = 0.002). Bladder cancer risk was increased by interactions between smoking status and genetic variants at 8p22 ( NAT2 ; multiplicative p value for interaction [ p M-I ] = 0.004), 8q21.13 ( PAG1 ; p M-I = 0.01), and 9p21.3 ( LOC107987026/MTAP/CDKN2A ; p M-I = 0.02). The PRS based on the 24 independent GWAS markers (odds ratio per standard deviation increase 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.44–1.53), which also showed comparable results in two prospective cohorts (UK Biobank, PLCO trial), revealed an approximately fourfold difference in the lifetime risk of bladder cancer according to the PRS (e.g., 1st vs 10th decile) for both smokers and nonsmokers. We report novel loci associated with risk of bladder cancer that provide clues to its biological underpinnings. Using 24 independent markers, we constructed a PRS to stratify lifetime risk. The PRS combined with smoking history, and other established risk factors, has the potential to inform future screening efforts for bladder cancer. We identified new genetic markers that provide biological insights into the genetic causes of bladder cancer. These genetic risk factors combined with lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, may inform future preventive and screening strategies for bladder cancer.

Study of the spatial patterns of land use and forest resource exploitation by a Yanomami community in northern Amazonia (Brazil) combining high‐resolution satellite imagery and global positioning system survey data with ethnogeographic fieldwork shows that its natural‐resource use is configured in terms of “reticular space” rather than a set of discrete concentric exploitation “zones.” This model of reticular space has general relevance for the Yanomami and other Amazonian indigenous groups. The research reported demonstrates the value of a multidisciplinary methodology for gathering data on ethnogeographic practices and knowledge that are essential for the appropriate demarcation of indigenous protected areas and the long‐term sustainable management of their environment in the Amazon and other tropical‐forest environments.

A pesar de la influencia en el debate académico de la hipótesis de la relación entre la globalización económica y la emergencia de un nuevo modelo de metrópolis, pocas publicaciones han abordado el análisis de los mecanismos concretos de articulación de estas dos esferas. El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio del papel jugado por una categoría de actores del mercado de capitales -los fondos de inversión inmobiliaria chilenos- en la producción de los espacios residenciales de Santiago. Por medio del examen de su portafolio de colocaciones habitacionales, se subraya su importancia en el financiamiento de la edificación privada de vivienda. Para definir estos programas, los fondos han privilegiado las tipologías y las localizaciones que se adecuan mejor a sus temporalidades y a sus lógicas de funcionamiento. De este modo, han tenido influencia directa sobre la verticalización de la ciudad, y en los procesos de renovación de los barrios céntricos. Vemos en la difusión de las exigencias del mercado de capitales, así como de sus técnicas de gestión de activos, una nueva faceta del fenómeno de "financiarización" de las grandes metrópolis en el sector habitacional.<br>Despite the influence in the scientific debate of the hypothesis of an interaction between economic globalization and the development of a new metropolitan model, few studies have handled the analysis of the concrete forms of articulation between these two spheres. The main purpose of this paper is to appraise the contribution of one form of capital market operators - Chilean real estate investment trusts- in the making of housing spaces in Santiago. Based on the examination of their residential assets, this article shows their growing role in the funding of private housing. They seem to favor housing models and localizations that suitably match up the timings and policies of their internal functioning. Consequently, it appears they have direct responsibility on the verticalization of the skyline and on the renovation of central neighborhoods. In the diffusion of the requirements the capital markets in the housing sector and in its asset managements tools we see a new facet of the progressive "finantiarization" of big metropolis.

Aborder avec le regard du géographe l\'évolution spatio-temporelle du Nouveau Monde lusophone découvert il y a 500 ans, suppose de mettre en évidence les facteurs et acteurs du développement historique ainsi que les formes spatiales. Avant même d\'être un pays et un Etat, le Brésil avait un nom et des contours, ce qui lui donne une forte identité territoriale. Sa singularité géographique s\'exprime dans des relations profondément imbriquées entre espace et société, dues autant à sa dimension continentale qu\'à la forme originale de son métissage culturel. Cet essai de géohistoire met l\'accent sur le dynamisme du Brésil, pays jeune qui s\'affirme parmi les puissances mondiales.

” Han de volver a Omapacha que fué quien los creo. » (Dioses y hombres de Huarochiri) . El zorro de abajo : « … Este mundo de abajo es el mio y comienza en el tuyo… » (J. M. Arguedas). Moi, don Juan Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua, chrétien par la grâce de Dieu notre Seigneur, naturel des pueblos de Santiago de Hananguayca et Huringuayca, Canchi de Orcosuyu, entre Canas et Canchis de Collasuyo, fils légitime de don Felipe Condorcanqui et de dona Maria Guayrotari. Lorsque en 1613, 80 ans environ après la conquête espagnole, le chroniqueur Santa Cruz Pachacuti se présente à ses lecteurs, c'est en des termes qui le situent encore dans un univers régi par les catégories de pensée indigène. Il évoque d'abord son village (et ses deux moitiés Hanan et Hurin), la région dont il est originaire (Canas et Canchis), enfin le vaste ensemble du CoUao (quart sud de l'Empire inca).

This paper describes the complex social, political and economic dynamics that led the Brazilian government to launch one of the biggest hydraulic infrastructure projects in the country’s history: the transposição do São Francisco (transfer of the waters of the São Francisco River), a large-scale diversion scheme to transfer water from the São Francisco River Basin to semiarid areas of the Northeastern Region.1 This massive interbasin water transfer, first idealised in the nineteenth century, was turned into reality under Lula’s presidency, at a time when the Brazilian economy was booming and a left-leaning neo-developmentalist coalition had seized power. Such a controversial project has fuelled criticism from a wide social and political spectrum. Between 2005 and 2007, when the conflict was at its highest, large parts of society mobilised against the project, which makes the transposição one of the most remarkable socioenvironmental conflicts in the history of Brazil. The project was given the green light at a moment when water governance was undergoing a process of institutional reorganisation officially aiming at the implementation of more democratic procedures and of integrated governance principles. So, it can be viewed as an anachronism of the 'hydraulic mission' with its supply-side technocratic engineering solutions. But it can also be considered as a legitimate and necessary piece of water development, in an emerging country with acute regional water imbalances, that is to benefit a historically underprivileged region (the Northeast). Beyond such simplistic views, we will try to disentangle the complex nexus of political and economic interests and of conflicting discourses related to the extremely diverse set of actors that have played a role in the project, and thereby try to understand why, after more than a century of debate, the transposição has finally become a (still heatedly debated) reality.

International audience

O artigo sistematiza os conceitos fundamentais do processo cartográfico que devem ser observados na construção de mapas úteis para a análise e compreensão do espaço geográfico. Estabelece uma correlação entre os mapas gerados com auxilio de softwares livres, a semiologia gráfica e o preparo do “construtor” de mapas. Por meio de uma exposição didática, apresenta uma classificação para os mapas quanto ao modo de expressão, escala, conteúdo, modo de implantação, nível de organização, variável visual e métodos de mapeamento, no sentido de contribuir para a formação de “construtores” e “leitores” de mapas. Por fim, analisa a linguagem cartográfica apresentada em mapas em várias escalas.

Three European directives imply for all member states an evaluation of food additives intakes. This paper describes the French approach, using a step-by-step procedure to evaluate, at a national level, the consumption of 10 food additives or groups of additives (E100, curcumin; E160b, annatto; E200-203, sorbic acid and salts; E210-213, benzoic acid and salts; E220-224, 226-228, sulphites; E249-250, nitrites; E297, fumaric acid; E473-474, sucrose esters and sucroglycerides; E491-492, stearoyl lactates; E952, cyclamic acid). The results are reassuring for the general population, except for sulphites.