Klinikum Bremen-Mitte

Focal demyelinated plaques in white matter, which are the hallmark of multiple sclerosis pathology, only partially explain the patient's clinical deficits. We thus analysed global brain pathology in multiple sclerosis, focusing on the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and the cortex. Autopsy tissue from 52 multiple sclerosis patients (acute, relapsing-remitting, primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis) and from 30 controls was analysed using quantitative morphological techniques. New and active focal inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the white matter were mainly present in patients with acute and relapsing multiple sclerosis, while diffuse injury of the NAWM and cortical demyelination were characteristic hallmarks of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cortical demyelination and injury of the NAWM, reflected by diffuse axonal injury with profound microglia activation, occurred on the background of a global inflammatory response in the whole brain and meninges. There was only a marginal correlation between focal lesion load in the white matter and diffuse white matter injury, or cortical pathology, respectively. Our data suggest that multiple sclerosis starts as a focal inflammatory disease of the CNS, which gives rise to circumscribed demyelinated plaques in the white matter. With chronicity, diffuse inflammation accumulates throughout the whole brain, and is associated with slowly progressive axonal injury in the NAWM and cortical demyelination.

IMPORTANCE: Cerebral amyloid-β aggregation is an early pathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD), starting decades before dementia onset. Estimates of the prevalence of amyloid pathology in persons without dementia are needed to understand the development of AD and to design prevention studies. OBJECTIVE: To use individual participant data meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of amyloid pathology as measured with biomarkers in participants with normal cognition, subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DATA SOURCES: Relevant biomarker studies identified by searching studies published before April 2015 using the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases and through personal communication with investigators. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they provided individual participant data for participants without dementia and used an a priori defined cutoff for amyloid positivity. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual records were provided for 2914 participants with normal cognition, 697 with SCI, and 3972 with MCI aged 18 to 100 years from 55 studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence of amyloid pathology on positron emission tomography or in cerebrospinal fluid according to AD risk factors (age, apolipoprotein E [APOE] genotype, sex, and education) estimated by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: The prevalence of amyloid pathology increased from age 50 to 90 years from 10% (95% CI, 8%-13%) to 44% (95% CI, 37%-51%) among participants with normal cognition; from 12% (95% CI, 8%-18%) to 43% (95% CI, 32%-55%) among patients with SCI; and from 27% (95% CI, 23%-32%) to 71% (95% CI, 66%-76%) among patients with MCI. APOE-ε4 carriers had 2 to 3 times higher prevalence estimates than noncarriers. The age at which 15% of the participants with normal cognition were amyloid positive was approximately 40 years for APOE ε4ε4 carriers, 50 years for ε2ε4 carriers, 55 years for ε3ε4 carriers, 65 years for ε3ε3 carriers, and 95 years for ε2ε3 carriers. Amyloid positivity was more common in highly educated participants but not associated with sex or biomarker modality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among persons without dementia, the prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology as determined by positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid findings was associated with age, APOE genotype, and presence of cognitive impairment. These findings suggest a 20- to 30-year interval between first development of amyloid positivity and onset of dementia.

BACKGROUND: The integrity of healthy skin plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis of the human body. The skin is the largest organ system of the body. As such, it plays pivotal roles in the protection against mechanical forces and infections, fluid imbalance, and thermal dysregulation. At the same time, it allows for flexibility to enable joint function in some areas of the body and more rigid fixation to hinder shifting of the palm or foot sole. Many instances lead to inadequate wound healing which necessitates medical intervention. Chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease can lead to impaired wound healing. Acute trauma such as degloving or large-scale thermal injuries are followed by a loss of skin organ function rendering the organism vulnerable to infections, thermal dysregulation, and fluid loss. METHODS: For this update article, we have reviewed the actual literature on skin wound healing purposes focusing on the main phases of wound healing, i.e., inflammation, proliferation, epithelialization, angiogenesis, remodeling, and scarring. RESULTS: The reader will get briefed on new insights and up-to-date concepts in skin wound healing. The macrophage as a key player in the inflammatory phase will be highlighted. During the epithelialization process, we will present the different concepts of how the wound will get closed, e.g., leapfrogging, lamellipodial crawling, shuffling, and the stem cell niche. The neovascularization represents an essential component in wound healing due to its fundamental impact from the very beginning after skin injury until the end of the wound remodeling. Here, the distinct pattern of the neovascularization process and the special new functions of the pericyte will be underscored. At the end, this update will present 3 topics of high interest in skin wound healing issues, dealing with scarring, tissue engineering, and plasma application. CONCLUSION: Although wound healing mechanisms and specific cell functions in wound repair have been delineated in part, many underlying pathophysiological processes are still unknown. The purpose of the following update on skin wound healing is to focus on the different phases and to brief the reader on the current knowledge and new insights. Skin wound healing is a complex process, which is dependent on many cell types and mediators interacting in a highly sophisticated temporal sequence. Although some interactions during the healing process are crucial, redundancy is high and other cells or mediators can adopt functions or signaling without major complications.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has a pathogenic role in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, a fully human monoclonal anti-TNF antibody, in children with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Patients 4 to 17 years of age with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who had previously received treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs underwent stratification according to methotrexate use and received 24 mg of adalimumab per square meter of body-surface area (maximum dose, 40 mg) subcutaneously every other week for 16 weeks. We randomly assigned patients with an American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30% (ACR Pedi 30) response at week 16 to receive adalimumab or placebo in a double-blind fashion every other week for up to 32 weeks. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of patients not receiving methotrexate (64 of 86) and 94% of those receiving methotrexate (80 of 85) had an ACR Pedi 30 response at week 16 and were eligible for double-blind treatment. Among patients not receiving methotrexate, disease flares (the primary outcome) occurred in 43% of those receiving adalimumab and 71% of those receiving placebo (P=0.03). Among patients receiving methotrexate, flares occurred in 37% of those receiving adalimumab and 65% of those receiving placebo (P=0.02). At 48 weeks, the percentages of patients treated with methotrexate who had ACR Pedi 30, 50, 70, or 90 responses were significantly greater for those receiving adalimumab than for those receiving placebo; the differences between patients not treated with methotrexate who received adalimumab and those who received placebo were not significant. Response rates were sustained after 104 weeks of treatment. Serious adverse events possibly related to adalimumab occurred in 14 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Adalimumab therapy seems to be an efficacious option for the treatment of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00048542.)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Numerous preclinical findings and a clinical pilot study suggest that recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) provides neuroprotection that may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. Although EPO has been considered to be a safe and well-tolerated drug over 2 decades, recent studies have identified increased thromboembolic complications and/or mortality risks on EPO administration to patients with cancer or chronic kidney disease. Accordingly, the double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized German Multicenter EPO Stroke Trial (Phase II/III; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00604630) was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of EPO in stroke. METHODS: This clinical trial enrolled 522 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory (intent-to-treat population) with 460 patients treated as planned (per-protocol population). Within 6 hours of symptom onset, at 24 and 48 hours, EPO was infused intravenously (40,000 IU each). Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was allowed and stratified for. RESULTS: Unexpectedly, a very high number of patients received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (63.4%). On analysis of total intent-to-treat and per-protocol populations, neither primary outcome Barthel Index on Day 90 (P=0.45) nor any of the other outcome parameters showed favorable effects of EPO. There was an overall death rate of 16.4% (n=42 of 256) in the EPO and 9.0% (n=24 of 266) in the placebo group (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.38; P=0.01) without any particular mechanism of death unexpected after stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Based on analysis of total intent-to-treat and per-protocol populations only, this is a negative trial that also raises safety concerns, particularly in patients receiving systemic thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of adding once-daily basal insulin versus switching to twice-daily premixed insulin in type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently controlled by oral antidiabetic agents (OADs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a 24-week, multinational, multicenter, open, parallel group clinical trial, 371 insulin-naive patients with poor glycemic control (fasting blood glucose [FBG] >/=120 mg/dl, HbA(1c) 7.5-10.5%) on OADs (sulfonylurea plus metformin) were randomized to once-daily morning insulin glargine plus glimepiride and metformin (glargine plus OAD) or to 30% regular/70% human NPH insulin (70/30) twice daily without OADs. Insulin dosage was titrated to target FBG </=100 mg/dl (both insulins) and predinner blood glucose </=100 mg/dl (70/30 only) using a weekly forced-titration algorithm. RESULTS: Mean HbA(1c) decrease from baseline was significantly more pronounced (-1.64 vs. -1.31%, P = 0.0003), and more patients reached HbA(1c) </=7.0% without confirmed nocturnal hypoglycemia (45.5 vs. 28.6%, P = 0.0013) with glargine plus OAD than with 70/30. Similarly, FBG decrease was greater with glargine plus OAD (adjusted mean difference -17 mg/dl [-0.9 mmol/l], P < 0.0001), and more patients reached target FBG </=100 mg/dl with glargine plus OAD than with 70/30 (31.6 vs. 15.0%, P = 0.0001). Glargine plus OAD patients had fewer confirmed hypoglycemic episodes than 70/30 patients (mean 4.07 vs. 9.87/patient-year, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Initiating insulin treatment by adding basal insulin glargine once daily to glimepiride plus metformin treatment was safer and more effective than beginning twice-daily injections of 70/30 and discontinuing OADs in type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled with OADs.

PURPOSE: Previous studies suggested that serum levels of microRNA (miR)-371a-3p (so-called M371 test) have a much higher sensitivity and specificity than the classic markers of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) and are applicable toward both seminoma and nonseminoma. We sought to confirm the usefulness of this test as a novel biomarker for GCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective, multicentric study, serum samples of 616 patients with testicular GCTs and 258 male controls were examined for serum levels of miRNA-371a-3p (miR levels) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The GCT population encompassed 359 patients with seminoma and 257 with nonseminoma; 371 had clinical stage I disease, 201 had systemic disease, and 46 had relapses. Paired measurements before and after orchiectomy were performed in 424 patients; 118 with systemic disease had serial measurements during treatment. miR levels were compared with those of β-human chorionic gonadotropin, α-fetoprotein, and lactate dehydrogenase. RESULTS: For the primary diagnosis of GCT, the M371 test showed a sensitivity of 90.1%, a specificity of 94.0%, an area under the curve of 0.966 upon receiver operating characteristic analysis, and a positive predictive value of 97.2%. α-Fetoprotein, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase had sensitivities of less than 50% in seminoma and slightly higher sensitivities in nonseminomas. miR levels were significantly associated with clinical stage, primary tumor size, and response to treatment. Relapses had elevated miR levels that subsequently dropped to normal upon remission. Teratoma did not express miR-371a-3p. CONCLUSION: The M371 test outperforms the classic markers of GCT with both a sensitivity and a specificity greater than 90%. All histologic subgroups, except teratoma, express this marker. The test could be considered for clinical implementation after further validation.

BACKGROUND: To explore the impact of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations as well as KRAS mutation variants in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) receiving first-line therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1239 patients from five randomized trials (FIRE-1, FIRE-3, AIOKRK0207, AIOKRK0604, RO91) were included into the analysis. Outcome was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank tests and Cox models. RESULTS: In 664 tumors, no mutation was detected, 462 tumors were diagnosed with KRAS-, 39 patients with NRAS- and 74 patients with BRAF-mutation. Mutations in KRAS were associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) [multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for PFS: 1.20 (1.02-1.42), P = 0.03; multivariate HR for OS: 1.41 (1.17-1.70), P < 0.001]. BRAF mutation was also associated with inferior PFS [multivariate HR: 2.19 (1.59-3.02), P < 0.001] and OS [multivariate HR: 2.99 (2.10-4.25), P < 0.001]. Among specific KRAS mutation variants, the KRAS G12C-variant (n = 28) correlated with inferior OS compared with unmutated tumors [multivariate HR 2.26 (1.25-4.1), P = 0.001]. A similar trend for OS was seen in the KRAS G13D-variant [n = 71, multivariate HR 1.46 (0.96-2.22), P = 0.10]. More frequent KRAS exon 2 variants like G12D [n = 152, multivariate HR 1.17 (0.86-1.6), P = 0.81] and G12V [n = 92, multivariate HR 1.27 (0.87-1.86), P = 0.57] did not have significant impact on OS. CONCLUSION: Mutations in KRAS and BRAF were associated with inferior PFS and OS of mCRC patients compared with patients with non-mutated tumors. KRAS exon 2 mutation variants were associated with heterogeneous outcome compared with unmutated tumors with KRAS G12C and G13D (trend) being associated with rather poor survival.

Reference intervals are a vital part of the information supplied by clinical laboratories to support interpretation of numerical pathology results such as are produced in clinical chemistry and hematology laboratories. The traditional method for establishing reference intervals, known as the direct approach, is based on collecting samples from members of a preselected reference population, making the measurements and then determining the intervals. An alternative approach is to perform analysis of results generated as part of routine pathology testing and using appropriate statistical techniques to determine reference intervals. This is known as the indirect approach. This paper from a working group of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) aims to summarize current thinking on indirect approaches to reference intervals. The indirect approach has some major potential advantages compared with direct methods. The processes are faster, cheaper and do not involve patient inconvenience, discomfort or the risks associated with generating new patient health information. Indirect methods also use the same preanalytical and analytical techniques used for patient management and can provide very large numbers for assessment. Limitations to the indirect methods include possible effects of diseased subpopulations on the derived interval. The IFCC C-RIDL aims to encourage the use of indirect methods to establish and verify reference intervals, to promote publication of such intervals with clear explanation of the process used and also to support the development of improved statistical techniques for these studies.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-study IV was designed to explore whether treatment with imatinib (IM) at 400 mg/day (n=400) could be optimized by doubling the dose (n=420), adding interferon (IFN) (n=430) or cytarabine (n=158) or using IM after IFN-failure (n=128). From July 2002 to March 2012, 1551 newly diagnosed patients in chronic phase were randomized into a 5-arm study. The study was powered to detect a survival difference of 5% at 5 years. After a median observation time of 9.5 years, 10-year overall survival was 82%, 10-year progression-free survival was 80% and 10-year relative survival was 92%. Survival between IM400 mg and any experimental arm was not different. In a multivariate analysis, risk group, major-route chromosomal aberrations, comorbidities, smoking and treatment center (academic vs other) influenced survival significantly, but not any form of treatment optimization. Patients reaching the molecular response milestones at 3, 6 and 12 months had a significant survival advantage. For responders, monotherapy with IM400 mg provides a close to normal life expectancy independent of the time to response. Survival is more determined by patients' and disease factors than by initial treatment selection. Although improvements are also needed for refractory disease, more life-time can currently be gained by carefully addressing non-CML determinants of survival.

The objective of this study was to examine the association of the intensity of treatment, ranging from high-dose intensive factor VIII (FVIII) treatment to prophylactic treatment, with the inhibitor incidence among previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A. This cohort study aimed to include consecutive patients with a FVIII activity < 0.01 IU/mL, born between 2000 and 2010, and observed during their first 75 FVIII exposure days. Intensive FVIII treatment of hemorrhages or surgery at the start of treatment was associated with an increased inhibitor risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-3.0). High-dose FVIII treatment was associated with a higher inhibitor risk than low-dose FVIII treatment (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-4.8). Prophylaxis was only associated with a decreased overall inhibitor incidence after 20 exposure days of FVIII. The association with prophylaxis was more pronounced in patients with low-risk F8 genotypes than in patients with high-risk F8 genotypes (aHR, 0.61, 95% CI, 0.19-2.0 and aHR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.51-1.4, respectively). In conclusion, our findings suggest that in previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A, high-dosed intensive FVIII treatment increases inhibitor risk and prophylactic FVIII treatment decreases inhibitor risk, especially in patients with low-risk F8 mutations.

Organ xenografts in discordant combinations such as pig-to-man undergo hyperacute rejection due to the presence of naturally occurring human anti-pig xenoantibodies. The galactose alpha(1,3)-galactose epitope on glycolipids and glycoproteins is the major porcine xenoantigen recognized by these xenoantibodies. This epitope is formed by alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase, which is present in all mammals except man, apes, and Old World monkeys. We have generated mice lacking this major xenoantigen by inactivating the alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase gene. These mice are viable and have normal organs but develop cataracts. Substantially less xenoantibody from human serum binds to cells and tissues of these mice compared with normal mice. Similarly, there is less activation of human complement on cells from mice lacking the galactose alpha(1,3)-galactose epitope. These mice confirm the importance of the galactose alpha(1,3)-galactose epitope in human xenoreactivity and the logic of continuing efforts to generate pigs that lack this epitope as a source of donor organs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different treatment strategies on enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome. DESIGN: Multicentre retrospective case-control study. SETTING: 23 hospitals in northern Germany. PARTICIPANTS: 298 adults with enterohaemorrhagic E coli induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dialysis, seizures, mechanical ventilation, abdominal surgery owing to perforation of the bowel or bowel necrosis, and death. RESULTS: 160 of the 298 patients (54%) temporarily required dialysis, with only three needing treatment long term. 37 patients (12%) had seizures, 54 (18%) required mechanical ventilation, and 12 (4%) died. No clear benefit was found from use of plasmapheresis or plasmapheresis with glucocorticoids. 67 of the patients were treated with eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the complement cascade. No short term benefit was detected that could be attributed to this treatment. 52 patients in one centre that used a strategy of aggressive treatment with combined antibiotics had fewer seizures (2% v 15%, P = 0.03), fewer deaths (0% v 5%, p = 0.029), required no abdominal surgery, and excreted E coli for a shorter duration. CONCLUSIONS: Enterohaemorrhagic E coli induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome is a severe self limiting acute condition. Our findings question the benefit of eculizumab and of plasmapheresis with or without glucocorticoids. Patients with established haemolytic uraemic syndrome seemed to benefit from antibiotic treatment and this should be investigated in a controlled trial.

This largest prospective multicenter trial for adult patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia aimed to prove the efficacy and feasibility of short-intensive chemotherapy combined with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. From 2002 to 2011, 363 patients 16 to 85 years old were recruited in 98 centers. Treatment consisted of 6 5-day chemotherapy cycles with high-dose methotrexate, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, ifosphamide, corticosteroids, and triple intrathecal therapy. Patients >55 years old received a reduced regimen. Rituximab was given before each cycle and twice as maintenance, for a total of 8 doses. The rate of complete remission was 88% (319/363); overall survival (OS) at 5 years, 80%; and progression-free survival, 71%; with significant difference between adolescents, adults, and elderly patients (OS rate of 90%, 84%, and 62%, respectively). Full treatment could be applied in 86% of the patients. The most important prognostic factors were International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (0-2 vs 3-5; P = .0005), age-adjusted IPI score (0-1 vs 2-3; P = .0001), and gender (male vs female; P = .004). The high cure rate in this prospective trial with a substantial number of participating hospitals demonstrates the efficacy and feasibility of chemoimmunotherapy, even in elderly patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00199082.

Abstract Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) have poor outcomes to current treatment. A phase 2 hypothesis-generating trial was conducted to determine whether the addition of the multitargeted kinase inhibitor midostaurin to intensive chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) and single-agent maintenance therapy of 12 months is feasible and favorably influences event-free survival (EFS) compared with historical controls. Patients 18 to 70 years of age with newly diagnosed AML and centrally confirmed FLT3-ITD were eligible: 284 patients were treated, including 198 younger (18-60 years) and 86 older (61-70 years) patients. Complete remission (CR) rate, including CR with incomplete hematological recovery (CRi) after induction therapy, was 76.4% (younger, 75.8%; older, 77.9%). The majority of patients in CR/CRi proceeded to alloHCT (72.4%). Maintenance therapy was started in 97 patients (34%): 75 after alloHCT and 22 after consolidation with high-dose cytarabine (HiDAC). Median time receiving maintenance therapy was 9 months after alloHCT and 10.5 months after HiDAC; premature termination was mainly a result of nonrelapse causes (gastrointestinal toxicity and infections). EFS and overall survival at 2 years were 39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33%-47%) and 34% (95% CI, 24%-47%) and 53% (95% CI, 46%-61%) and 46% (95% CI, 35%-59%) in younger and older patients, respectively. EFS was evaluated in comparison with 415 historical controls treated within 5 prospective trials. Propensity score-weighted analysis revealed a significant improvement of EFS by midostaurin (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.48-0.70; P < .001) overall and in older patients (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.29-0.61). The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01477606.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An increased frequency of clinically silent microbleeds (MB) has recently been observed in patients with sporadic small-vessel disease related to vascular amyloid deposition or hypertension. In this study, we searched for cerebral MBs in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a unique type of small-vessel disease caused by mutations in the Notch3 gene. Our purposes were (1) to determine the frequency, extent, and pattern of MBs in CADASIL; (2) to analyze the relationship between MBs and T2-hyperintense lesions; and (3) to evaluate the histopathology of brain tissue affected by MBs. METHODS: Gradient-echo, T2/PD-weighted dual-echo, and T1-weighted MRI scans of the brain were obtained from 16 consecutive CADASIL subjects and 16 age-matched control subjects. T2-lesion volume measurements were made with a semiautomated segmentation technique based on local thresholding. Postmortem examinations were performed on the brains of 7 additional CADASIL subjects. RESULTS: Focal areas of signal loss on gradient-echo images suggesting past MBs were found in 11 CADASIL individuals (69%) and no control subjects (P<0.001). The average number of MBs was 5.9+/-7.3 (range, 0 to 22) in individual CADASIL patients. MBs were associated with age (r=0.71, P=0.002) and total lesion volume (r=0.75, P=0.001). However, after correction for age, the correlation with lesion volume was no longer significant. MBs were located simultaneously in various parts of the brain with a preference for cortical-subcortical regions (38%), white matter (20%), thalamus (13%), and brainstem (14%). Eighty-two percent of the MBs were located outside areas appearing hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Postmortem examination revealed focal accumulations of hemosiderin-containing macrophages in 6 of the 7 brains (86%). They were always found outside ischemic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high frequency and multiplicity of MBs in individuals with CADASIL. Our results suggest that MBs and ischemic lesions are largely independent manifestations of the underlying angiopathy. The pattern of MBs shows a significant overlap with that reported in other types of small-vessel disease.

Approximately 10% of the neonates with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit a unique transient leukemia (TL). Though TL resolves spontaneously in most patients, early death and development of myeloid leukemia (ML-DS) may occur. Prognostic factors as well as treatment indication are currently uncertain. To resolve that issue, we prospectively collected clinical, biologic, and treatment data of 146 patients with TL. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 85% plus or minus 3% and 63% plus or minus 4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a correlation between high white blood cell (WBC) count, ascites, preterm delivery, bleeding diatheses, failure of spontaneous remission, and the occurrence of early death. Treatment with cytarabine (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) was administered to 28 patients with high WBC count, thrombocytopenia, or liver dysfunction. The therapy had a beneficial effect on the outcome of those children with risk factors for early death (5-year EFS, 52% +/- 12% vs 28% +/- 11% [no treatment]; P = .02). Multivariate analysis demonstrated its favorable prognostic impact. A total of 29 (23%) patients with TL subsequently developed ML-DS. Patients with ML-DS with a history of TL had a significantly better 5-year EFS (91% +/- 5%) than those without documented TL (70% +/- 4%), primarily due to a lower relapse rate. A history of TL may therefore define a lower-risk ML-DS subgroup. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. NCT 00111345.

Background and Purpose- Endovascular treatment for large vessel occlusion in ischemic stroke has proven to be effective in large clinical trials. We aimed to provide real-world estimates of endovascular treatment reperfusion rates and functional outcome on a countrywide scale. Methods- Two thousand seven hundred ninety-four patients with large vessel occlusion were included into an investigator-initiated, industry-independent, prospective registry in 25 sites in Germany between June 2015 and April 2018. The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin Scale ranging from zero (no symptoms) to 6 (death) at 3 months. Secondary analyses included the prediction of a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale, 0-2). Dichotomized analyses of predictors were performed using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results- Median age was 75 years (interquartile range, 64-82); median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 15 (interquartile range, 10-19). Vessel occlusion was in the anterior circulation in 2265 patients (88%) and in the posterior circulation in 303 patients (12%). Intravenous alteplase before endovascular treatment was given in 1457 patients (56%). Successful reperfusion was achieved in 2143 subjects (83%). At 3 months, 854 patients (37%) showed a good outcome; mortality was 29%. There was no difference between anterior and posterior circulation occlusions (P=0.27). Significant predictors for a good outcome were younger age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05-1.07), no interhospital transfer (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.88), lower stroke severity (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08-1.13), smaller infarct size (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.39), alteplase use (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.08-2.06), and reperfusion success (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.45-1.96). Conclusions- High rates of favorable outcome can be achieved on a countrywide scale by endovascular treatment. Mortality appears to be greater in the daily routine than otherwise reported by authors of large randomized trials. There were no outcome differences between the anterior and posterior circulation. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03356392.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) of stroke with large-vessel occlusion is known to be safe and effective. The effect of EVT for occlusion of medium or distal vessels is unclear. METHODS: We randomly assigned participants with an isolated occlusion of medium or distal vessels (occlusion of the nondominant or codominant M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery [MCA]; the M3 or M4 segment of the MCA; the A1, A2, or A3 segment of the anterior cerebral artery; or the P1, P2, or P3 segment of the posterior cerebral artery) to receive EVT plus best medical treatment or best medical treatment alone within 24 hours after the participant was last seen to be well. The primary outcome was the level of disability at 90 days, as assessed with the modified Rankin scale score. RESULTS: A total of 543 participants (women, 44%; median age, 77 years) were included in the analysis: 271 were assigned to receive EVT plus best medical treatment and 272 to receive best medical treatment alone. The median score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (range, 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms) at admission was 6 (interquartile range, 5 to 9). Intravenous thrombolysis was given to 65.4% of the participants. The predominant occlusion locations were the M2 segment (in 44.0% of the participants), M3 segment (in 26.9%), P2 segment (in 13.4%), and P1 segment (in 5.5%). In the comparison between EVT plus best medical treatment and best medical treatment alone, no significant difference in the distribution of modified Rankin scale scores was observed at 90 days (common odds ratio for improvement in the score, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.22; P = 0.50). All-cause mortality was similar in the two groups (15.5% with EVT plus best medical treatment and 14.0% with best medical treatment alone), as was the incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (5.9% and 2.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In persons with stroke with occlusion of medium or distal vessels, EVT did not result in a lower level of disability or a lower incidence of death than best medical treatment alone. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and others; DISTAL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05029414.).

1. Informationen zu dieser Leitlinie 1.1. Herausgeber Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. (AWMF), Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft e. V. und Deutschen Krebshilfe # 1.2. Federführende Fachgesellschaft Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) # 1.3. Finanzierung der Leitlinie Diese Leitlinie wurde von der Deutschen Krebshilfe im Rahmen des Onkologischen Leitlinienprogramms gefördert. # 1.4. Kontakt Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie Office c/o Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft e. V. Kuno-Fischer-Str. 8 14 057 Berlin leitlinienprogramm@krebsgesellschaft.de www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de # 1.5. Zitierweise Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, Deutsche Krebshilfe, AWMF): S3-Leitlinie Kolorektales Karzinom, Langversion 2.0, 2017, AWMF-Registrierungsnummer: 021/007OL, http://www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/leitlinien/kolorektales-karzinom/ [Stand: TT.MM.JJJJ] # 1.6. Besonderer Hinweis Die Medizin unterliegt einem fortwährenden Entwicklungsprozess, sodass alle Angaben, insbesondere zu diagnostischen und therapeutischen Verfahren, immer nur dem Wissensstand zurzeit der Drucklegung der Leitlinie entsprechen können. Hinsichtlich der angegebenen Empfehlungen zur Therapie und der Auswahl sowie Dosierung von Medikamenten wurde die größtmögliche Sorgfalt beachtet. Gleichwohl werden die Benutzer aufgefordert, die Beipackzettel und Fachinformationen der Hersteller zur Kontrolle heranzuziehen und im Zweifelsfall einen Spezialisten zu konsultieren. Fragliche Unstimmigkeiten sollen bitte im allgemeinen Interesse der OL-Redaktion mitgeteilt werden. Der Benutzer selbst bleibt verantwortlich für jede diagnostische und therapeutische Applikation, Medikation und Dosierung. In dieser Leitlinie sind eingetragene Warenzeichen (geschützte Warennamen) nicht besonders kenntlich gemacht. Es kann also aus dem Fehlen eines entsprechenden Hinweises nicht geschlossen werden, dass es sich um einen freien Warennamen handelt. Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Bestimmung des Urhebergesetzes ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Leitlinienprogramms Onkologie (OL) unzulässig und strafbar. Kein Teil des Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des OL reproduziert werden. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung, Nutzung und Verwertung in elektronischen Systemen, Intranets und dem Internet. # 1.7. Ziele des Leitlinienprogramms Onkologie Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V., die Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft e. V. und die Deutsche Krebshilfe haben sich mit dem Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (OL) das Ziel gesetzt, gemeinsam die Entwicklung und Fortschreibung und den Einsatz wissenschaftlich begründeter und praktikabler Leitlinien in der Onkologie zu fördern und zu unterstützen. Die Basis dieses Programms beruht auf den medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen der Fachgesellschaften und der DKG, dem Konsens der medizinischen Fachexperten, Anwender und Patienten sowie auf dem Regelwerk für die Leitlinienerstellung der AWMF und der fachlichen Unterstützung und Finanzierung durch die Deutsche Krebshilfe. Um den aktuellen Stand des medizinischen Wissens abzubilden und den medizinischen Fortschritt zu berücksichtigen, müssen Leitlinien regelmäßig überprüft und fortgeschrieben werden. Die Anwendung des AWMF-Regelwerks soll hierbei Grundlage zur Entwicklung qualitativ hochwertiger onkologischer Leitlinien sein. Da Leitlinien ein wichtiges Instrument der Qualitätssicherung und des Qualitätsmanagements in der Onkologie darstellen, sollten sie gezielt und nachhaltig in den Versorgungsalltag eingebracht werden. So sind aktive Implementierungsmaßnahmen und auch Evaluationsprogramme ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Förderung des Leitlinienprogramms Onkologie. Ziel des Programms ist es, in Deutschland professionelle und mittelfristig finanziell gesicherte Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung und Bereitstellung hochwertiger Leitlinien zu schaffen. Denn diese hochwertigen Leitlinien dienen nicht nur dem strukturierten Wissenstransfer, sondern können auch in der Gestaltung der Strukturen des Gesundheitssystems ihren Platz finden. Zu erwähnen sind hier evidenzbasierte Leitlinien als Grundlage zum Erstellen und Aktualisieren von Disease-Management-Programmen oder die Verwendung von aus Leitlinien extrahierten Qualitätsindikatoren im Rahmen der Zertifizierung von Organtumorzentren. # 1.8. Verfügbare Dokumente zur Leitlinie und Implementierung Bei diesem Dokument handelt es sich um die Langversion der S3-Leitlinie Kolorektales Karzinom, welche über die folgenden Seiten zugänglich ist: Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie ( http://www.leitlinienprogramm-onkologie.de/leitlinien/kolorektales-karzinom/ ) AWMF ( http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/021–007OL.html ) Beteiligte Fachgesellschaften (z. B. https://www.dgvs.de/wissen-kompakt/leitlinien/leitlinien-der-dgvs/ ) Guidelines International Network ( www.g-i-n.net ) Darüber hinaus wird die Langversion dieser Leitlinie in der Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie veröffentlicht werden. Neben der Langversion gibt es folgende ergänzende Dokumente zu dieser Leitlinie: Kurzversion drei Laienversionen (Patientenleitlinien) zu den Themen Früherkennung, frühes Stadium und fortgeschrittenes Stadium (werden derzeit aktualisiert) Leitlinienreport englische Version (wird derzeit aktualisiert) separate Evidenzberichte bzw. Publikationen (Vorsorge, Früherkennung, präoperative Diagnostik, Therapeutisches Vorgehen bei Metastasierung und in der palliativen Situation: Analyse, Einsatz von Angiogenesehemmern und anti-EGFR-Antikörpern bei Patienten mit metastasiertem KRK) Alle diese Dokumente werden ebenfalls auf den oben genannten Homepages abrufbar sein. # 1.9. Zusammensetzung der Leitliniengruppe 1.9.1. Koordination und Redaktion Prof. Dr. Wolff Schmiegel (Bochum) und PD Dr. Christian Pox (Bremen) Leitliniensekretariat: Jutta Thurn (Bochum) # 1.9.2. Beteiligte Fachgesellschaften und Autoren In [ Tab. 1 ] sind die an der Ersterstellung und Aktualisierung beteiligten Fachgesellschaften und anderen Organisationen sowie die jeweils benannten Fachexperten/Fachexpertinnen aufgelistet. In [ Tab. 2 ] sind die Mitglieder der jeweiligen Arbeitsgruppen aufgelistet. Tab. 1 Beteiligte Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen. Beteiligte Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen Mandatsträger/beteiligte Experten Arbeitsgemeinschaft „Supportive Maßnahmen in der Onkologie, Rehabilitation und Sozialmedizin“ in der DKG (ASORS) J. Körber*, R. Caspari (Vertr.)***, H. Link* Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Tumorzentren (ADT) H. Barlag*** Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Psychoonkologie in der DKG (PSO) P. Heußner Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie in der DKG (AIO) M. Geissler***, R.-D. Hofheinz***, S. Stintzing***, V. Heinemann***, D. Arnold***, S. Hegewisch-Becker***, C.-H. Köhne*** Arbeitsgemeinschaft Konferenz Onkologische Kranken- und Kinderkrankenpflege in der DKG (KOK) M. Landenberger* Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologische Pathologie in der DKG (AOP) G. Baretton* Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologische Pharmazie in der DKG (OPH) M. Höckel*** Arbeitsgemeinschaft Prävention und integrative Medizin in der Onkologie in der DKG (PRIO) J. Hübner** Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiologische Onkologie in der DKG (ARO) H. A. Wolff*** Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bildgebung und Radioonkologie in der DKG (ABO) J. Menke*** Berufsverband Niedergelassener Gastroenterologen Deutschlands (bng) A. Theilmeier*, B. Bokemeyer** Bundesverband der Niedergelassenen Hämatologen und Onkologen in Deutschland (BNHO) M. J. Eckart*** Bundesverband Deutscher Pathologen (BDP) C. Wittekind** Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Colo-Proktologie in der DGAV (CACP) S. Post** Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Minimal Invasive Chirurgie in der DGAV (CAMIC) M. Walz** Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Onkologie in der DGAV (CAO-V) H.-R. Raab***, H. Lang*, J. Weitz**, M. Sailer** Chirurgische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkololgie in der DKG (CAO) C. T. Germer*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV) A. Glitsch***, C. T. Germer***, W. Hohenberger**, M. Anthuber**, W. Bechstein**, K-W. Jauch**, K-H. Link**, H-R. Raab** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM) J.-F. Chenot***, G. Egidi (Vertr)*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie (DGCH) W. Hohenberger***, H.-R. Raab*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) S. C. Bischoff**, J. Ockenga**, W. Scheppach** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie (DGHO) M. Geissler***, R.-D. Hofheinz***, S. Stintzing***, V. Heinemann***, D. Arnold***, S. Hegewisch-Becker***, C.-H. Köhne***, M. Heike**, T. Höhler** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik (GfH) N. Rahner**, J. Epplen** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM) T. Seufferlein***, J.F. Riemann** Deutsche Gesellschaft für interventionelle Radiologie und minimal-invasive Therapie (DeGIR) P. L. Pereira*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin (DGKL) S. Holdenrieder***, M. Neumaier*** C. Wagener** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Koloproktologie (DGK) W. Hohenberger*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN) H. Amthauer***, K. Scheidhauer**, H. Ahmadzadehfar*** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pathologie (DGP) A. Tannapfel*, A. Jung***, T. Kirchner*, P. Schirmacher***, G. Baretton*, C. Wittekind** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie (DEGRO) C. Rödel*, W. Budach***, H. Schmidberger***, R. Sauer** Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rehabilitationswissenschaften (DGRW) J. Körber*** Deutsche Gesellschaft Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) R. Kiesslich***, W. Schmitt***, F. Kolligs*, H. Neuhaus***, C. Pox*, T. Rösch***, J. Trojan***, R. Porschen*, G. Folprecht***, U. Graeven*, M. Ebert***, W. Schmiegel*, T. Seufferlein***, J.F. Riemann**, S. C. Bischoff**, J. Ockenga**, W. Scheppach**, A. Sieg**, K. Schulmann**, B. Bokemeyer**, U. Melle**, A. Reinacher-Schick**, A. Holstege** Deutsche Morbus Crohn/Colitis Ulcerosa Vereinigung (DCCV) C. Witte** Deutsche Röntgengesellschaft (DRG) A. Schreyer***, T. J. Vogl*, C. Stroszczynski (Vertr)***, H-J. Brambs**, P. L. Pereira** Deutscher Hausärzteverband (HÄV) P. Engeser** Eingeladene Fachexperten (ohne Stimmrecht) H.Brenner**, P. Lux** Felix-Burda-Stiftung C. Maar** Institut für angewandte Qualitätsförderung und Forschung im Gesundheitswesen (AQUA) S. Ludt** Stiftung Lebensblicke J.F. Riemann** Vereinigung für Stomaträger und für Menschen mit Darmkrebs (Deutsche ILCO) M. Hass* Zentralinstitut der Kassenärztlichen Versorgung in der BRD (ZI) L. Altenhofen** Zeitraum der Beteiligung: * = 2011 – 2017 (Version 1 und 2); ** = 2011 – 2012 (Version 1); *** = 2013 – 2017 (Version 2). Tab. 2 Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppen. Arbeitsgruppe Mitglieder der Arbeitsgruppe (AG-Leiter fett markiert) Kapitel 3: Prävention asymptomatische Bevölkerung J.F. Riemann , S. C. Bischoff, F. Kolligs, J. Ockenga, W. Scheppach Kapitel 4: Früherkennung/Vorsorge asymptomatische Bevölkerung C. Pox, A. Sieg , L. Altenhofen, H-J. Brambs, H. Brenner, P. Engeser, A. Theilmeier Kapitel 5: Risikogruppen N. Rahner, K. Schulmann , G. Baretton, B. Bokemeyer, J. Epplen, U. Melle, R. Porschen, J. Weitz, C. Witte Kapitel 6: Endoskopie: Durchführung und Polypenmanagement T. Rösch, W. Schmitt , G. Baretton, A. Glitsch, R. Kiesslich, F. Kolligs, H. Neuhaus, C. Pox, A. Schreyer, A. Tannapfel, A. Theilmeier, J. Trojan Kapitel 7: Präoperative Diagnostik und Chirurgie W. Hohenberger, S. Post , M. Anthuber, W. Bechstein, U. Graeven, M. Hass, M. Heike, K-W. Jauch, T. Kirchner, H. Lang, K-H. Link, P. Pereira, H-R. Raab, A. Reinacher-Schick, C. Rödel, M. Sailer, R. Sauer, K. Scheidhauer, A. Tannapfel, T. Vogl, C. Wagener, M. Walz, C. Wittekind Kapitel 8: Adjuvante und neoadjuvante Therapie C. Rödel, R. Porschen , W. Budach, G. Folprecht, M. Geissler, R.-D. Hofheinz, W. Hohenberger, S. Holdenrieder, J. Körber, J. Menke, H.-R. Raab, H. Schmidberger, S. Stintzing Kapitel 9: Therapeutisches Vorgehen bei Metastasierung und in der palliativen Situation V. Heinemann, U. Graeven , H. Amthauer, D. Arnold, R. Caspari, J.-F. Chenot, M. Ebert, M. J. Eckart, G. Egidi, C. T. Germer, M. Hass, S. Hegewisch-Becker, M. Höckel, A. Jung, T. Kirchner, C.-H. Köhne, M. Landenberger, H. Lang, H. Link, M. Neumaier, P. L. Pereira, P. Schirmacher, W. Schmiegel, T. Seufferlein, C. Stroszczynski, T. J. Vogl, H. A. Wolff Kapitel 10: Nachsorge A. Holstege , P. Heußner, T. Höhler, J. Hübner, J. Körber, M. Landenberger, H. Link Qualitätsindikatoren S. Wesselmann , T. Langer, H. Ahmadzadehfar, D. Arnold, G. Baretton, H. Barlag, M. Ebert, M. Hass, V. Heinemann, W. Hohenberger, T. Kirchner, C.H. Köhne, F. Kolligs, M. Nothacker Darüber hinaus wurde die Aktualisierung der Leitlinie 2017 in Zusammenarbeit mit der DGP (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin) vorgenommen. # 1.9.3. Patientenbeteiligung Die Leitlinie wurde unter direkter Beteiligung von Patientenvertretern erstellt. Frau Maria Hass (Deutsche ILCO) sowie C. Witte (DCCV) waren an der Aktualisierung der Leitlinie beteiligt und nahmen mit eigenem Stimmrecht an den Konsensuskonferenzen teil. # 1.9.4. Methodische Begleitung durch das Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie Prof. Dr. Ina Kopp (AWMF), Marburg (2011/2012) Dr. Monika Nothacker, MPH (AWMF), Berlin (2013 – 2017) Dr. Markus Follmann, MPH MSc (DKG), Berlin (2011 – 2017) Dipl.-Soz.Wiss. Thomas Langer (DKG), Berlin (2013 – 2017) Durch externe Auftragnehmer: Dr. Barbara Buchberger (Literaturrecherche und Qualitätsbewertung) Dr. med. Simone Wesselmann, MBA (Aktualisierung der Qualitätsindikatoren) # # 1.10. Verwendete Abkürzungen Abkürzung Erläuterung AFAP Attenuierte FAP ADR Adenomdetektionsrate AHB Anschlussheilbehandlung ASS Acetylsalicylsäure AWMF Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften BMI Body-Mass-Index BSC Best supportive Care CEA Karzinoembryonales Antigen CT Computer-Tomografie CTC CT-Kolonografie CU Colitis Ulcerosa DGE Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung EMR Endoskopische Mukosaresektion ESD Endoskopische Submukosadissektion FAP Familiäre Adenomatöse Polyposis FICE Fujinon Intelligent Colour Enhancement FOBT Fäkaler Okkulter Bluttest FS Folinsäure HNPCC Hereditäres kolorektales Karzinom ohne Polyposis IEN Intraepitheliale Neoplasie iFOBT/FIT Immunologischer FOBT IHC Immunhistochemische Untersuchung KRK Kolorektales Karzinom LITT Laserinduzierte interstitielle Thermotherapie LL Leitlinie MAP MUTYH-assoziierte Polyposis MMR Mismatch-repair Gen MSA Mikrosatellitenanalyse MSCT Mehrzeilen-CT MSI Mikrosatelliteninstabilität MSI-H Mikrosatelliteninstabilität hoch (high) MSI-L Mikrosatelliteninstabilität gering (low) MSS Mikrosatellitenstabilität NBI Narrow Band Imaging ÖGD Ösophagogastroduodenoskopie OL Leitstelle Onkologie der DKG OR Odds Ratio ORR Overall response rate PCI Peritoneal cancer index PET Positron Emission Tomography PJS Peutz-Jeghers-Syndrom PSC Primär sklerosierende Cholangitis RCT Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie RFA Radiofrequenzablation RR Relatives Risiko RT Radiotherapie SIRT Selective Internal Radiation Therapy SR Systematische Übersichtsarbeit SSA Sessiles serratiertes Adenom TME Totale Mesorektumexzision TSA Traditionelles serratiertes Adenom WHO Weltgesundheitsorganisation # * Zusätzlich an der Aktualisierung dieser Leitlinie (Kapitel 6, 8, 9 und 11) beteiligt: H. Ahmadzadehfar, H. Amthauer, D. Arnold, G. Baretton, H. Barlag, W. Budach, R. Caspari, J.-F. Chenot, M. Ebert, M.J. Eckart, G. Egidi, G. Folprecht, M. Geissler, C.T. Germer, A. Glitsch, M. Hass, S. Hegewisch-Becker, M. Höckel, R.-D. Hofheinz, W. Hohenberger, S. Holdenrieder, A. Jung, R. Kiesslich, T. Kirchner, C.-H. Köhne, F. Kolligs, J. Körber, M. Landenberger, H. Lang, H. Link, J. Menke, H. Neuhaus, M. Neumaier, P.L. Pereira, H.R. Raab, P. Schirmacher, H. Schmidberger, A.G. Schreyer, T. Seufferlein, S. Stintzing, C. Stroszczynski, A. Tannapfel, A. Theilmeier, J. Trojan, T.J. Vogl, H.A. Wolff ** an der vorangegangenen Aktualisierung der Leitlinie (Kapitel 3, 4, 5, 7 und 10) beteiligt: L. Altenhofen, M. Anthuber, S. Aretz, G. Baretton, W. Bechstein, S.C. Bischoff, B. Bokemeyer, H.-J. Brambs, H. Brenner, P. Engeser, J. Epplen, M. Follmann, U. Graeven, M. Hass, M. Heike, P. Heußner, T. Höhler, W. Hohenberger, A. Holstege, J. Hübner, K.-W. Jauch, T. Kirchner, M. Klinkhammer-Schalke, J. Körber, F. Kolligs, I. Kopp, M. Kreis, M. Landenberger, H. Lang, K.-H. Link, S. Ludt, P. Lux, C. Maar, U. Melle, J. Ockenga, P.L. Pereira, R. Porschen, S. Post, C. Pox, H.-R. Raab, N. Rahner, A. Reinacher-Schick, J.F. Riemann, C. Rödel, M. Sailer, R. Sauer, A. Sieg, K. Scheidhauer, W. Scheppach, W. Schmiegel, W. Schmitt, H.-J. Schmoll, K. Schulmann, A. Tannapfel, A.Theilmeier, T. Vogl, C. Wagener, M. Walz, S. Wesselmann, J. Weitz, C. Witte, C. Wittekind